“…On the other hand, some studies have examined the co-movement of a pair of stock-exchange rates (e.g., Aggarwal, 1981 ; Nieh & Lee, 2001 ; Kim, 2003 ; Zhao, 2010 ; Khochiany, 2018 ; El Abed & Zardoub, 2019 ), the co-movement of a pair of stock-gold price (e.g., Gilmore et al, 2009 ; Mishra et al, 2010 ), the co-movement of a pair of stock-oil price (e.g., Ftiti et al, 2016 ; Huang et al, 2018 ; Gourène & Mendy, 2018 ; Bhatiai & Mitra, 2018 ; Pal & Mitra, 2019 ; Amalia & Purqon, 2019 ), the co-movement of stock, the exchange rate, and gold prices (e.g., Akar et al, 2011; Fallahi, Panahi, & Karimi Kandoleh, 2018 ; Nademi & Khochiany, 2017 ), the co-movement of stock, oil, and gold prices (e.g., Baig et al, 2013 ; Mensi et al, 2017), the co-movement of stock, the exchange rate, and oil prices (e.g., Hussin et al, 2012 ), the co-movement of exchange rate, gold, and oil prices (e.g., Amiri & Falahi, 2015 ), and the co-movement of the exchange rate, stock, gold, and oil prices (e.g., Samanta & Zadeh, 2012 ; Arfaoui & Rejeb, 2016).…”