The Influence of Nurse Home Visits, Including Provision of 3 Months of Contraceptives and Contraceptive Counseling, on Perceived Barriers to Contraceptive Use and Contraceptive Use Self-Efficacy

Abstract

IntroductionAlthough safe and effective contraceptive methods are readily available, unintended pregnancy remains a serious public health problem, causing adverse health effects for thousands of women, children and families across the United States (Sheeder, Scott and Stevens-Simon, 2004, Stevens-Simon, Beach andKlerman, 2001). Unintended pregnancies account for about half of all births to U.S. women. An estimated 48% of women age 15-44 have at least one unplanned pregnancy sometime in their lives (Henshaw, 1998, Brown andEisenberg, 1995). Women who are younger, not married, poor and non-white have higher rates of unintended pregnancy (Henshaw, 1998).For sexually active individuals, unintended pregnancy is inextricably linked with contraceptive use and can be attributed to failure to use any contraceptive method, ineffective use of a method or method failure. The results of a recently conducted national survey revealed that over a year, approximately 40% of reproductive-aged women used no contraceptive method for at least one month and an average of 6 to 12 months. Less than 10% of the participants were pregnant or seeking pregnancy. Therefore, 30% of the participants were at risk for unintended conception during these hiatuses in contraceptive use . Three factors, difficulty obtaining contraceptive supplies and care, infrequent sexual intercourse and periodic abstinence, and ambivalence about the desirability of remaining non-pregnant accounted for 80% of the gaps in contraceptive use observed in the study . In addition, women at risk for unintended pregnancy who had less than a college education or were on Medicaid had higher likelihoods of experiencing gaps of at least one month in contraceptive use ).Correspondence to: Alan L. Melnick, MD, MPH, Dept. of Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Mail Code: FM, Portland, OR 97239, Telephone: 503-494-0756, Fax: 503-494-2746, e-mail: melnicka@ohsu.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptIncreasing effective contraceptive use could reduce the incidence of unintended pregnancies, and if provided after delivery, could reduce short-interval unintended pregnancy (Sable, Libbus and Chiu, 2000). Unfortunately, many women who are at high risk for unintended pregnancy and could receive services from publicly funded family planning programs may not be able to use them for several reasons. These include the cost of services, structural barriers such as childcare and transportation probl...

The Relationship between Self-Efficacy for Coping with the Problems with Sexual Problems in Married Women

“…The questionnaire of self-efficacy for coping with the problems was designed by Chinese et al [76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86] in order to evaluate the self-efficacy related to the methods used by people to cope the problems. This scale is a questionnaire with 26 phrases in which, subject must identify, in an 11 item Likert scale (from 0=I can't do this to 10=surely can do this) his/her performance when encountering with a problem.…”

“…Satisfactory sexual life is an important factor in the quality of life and sexual desires and appeals show the attitude of the considered person to him-or her-self and this attitude makes his/her identity [76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86]. As a result, it is not surprising that severe mental pains may happen when there are some Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY problems in sexual activity [80][81][82][83][84][85].…”

“…As a result, it is not surprising that severe mental pains may happen when there are some Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY problems in sexual activity [80][81][82][83][84][85].…”

“…People who have sexual problems are usually of low selfreliance, anxiety and stress, depression, their sexual relationships is subjected to failure prediction and have unfortunate experiences [70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86].…”

“…Bandura (2000) stated that self-efficacy is a creative power to effectively systemize the cognitive, social, emotional and behavioral skills of human [80][81][82][83][84][85][86]. He believes that knowledge, skills and previous achievements of people are not appropriate predictive for their future performances but the beliefs of human about his/her abilities for performing those are affected their performances.…”