The Influence of Nanoparticles on Fire Retardancy of Pedunculate Oak Wood

Kačíková, Danica; Kubovský, Ivan; Estokova, Adriana; Kačík, František; Kmeťová, Elena; Kováč, Ján; Ďurkovič, Jaroslav

doi:10.3390/nano11123405

Cited by 16 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…There are several groups of nano FRs, including clay-based, carbon-based, silica-based, metal oxides, layered double hydroxides, and others, such as bio-sourced nano FRs [23][24][25]; among these, the latter have not been studied in detail as additives to UPRs, but have been successfully incorporated to other thermosetting resins, such as epoxy [26,27]. Nano FRs are also widely applicable for other polymers [28], as well as for wood [29][30][31], standing as a sustainable construction material.…”

Section: Nanoparticles As Flame Retardants For Uprmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments of Nano Flame Retardants for Unsaturated Polyester Resin

Dowbysz,

Samsonowicz,

Kukfisz

et al. 2024

Materials

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For many years, efforts have been made to reduce the flammability of unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs), which are often used in the rail, shipbuilding, and construction industries. Without modification, they often fail to meet fire safety standards. Despite a rich history of flame retardants (FRs) applied to UPRs, researchers seek new solutions that will provide lower flammability and smoke density, as well as attaining a lower environmental impact from the composites. The objective of the study is to highlight the most important recent research on promising nano FRs in order to promote their further development. Mechanisms of action of several groups of nano FRs, such as clay-based, carbon-based, transition metal compounds, layered double hydroxides, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes, and others, including bio-based, have been studied. Particular emphasis has been laid on nano FRs applied to UPRs, and their influences on thermal stability, flammability, and mechanical properties. Moreover, the environmental impact and toxicity of nano FRs have been discussed. Results have proved that nano FRs applied at low loadings may significantly improve thermal stability, with a simultaneous increase or only a slight decrease in mechanical properties. However, attention on related environmental issues has highlighted the necessity of carefully selecting novel nano FRs.

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Section: Nanoparticles As Flame Retardants For Uprmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments of Nano Flame Retardants for Unsaturated Polyester Resin

Dowbysz,

Samsonowicz,

Kukfisz

et al. 2024

Materials

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“…Nanocomposite fire retardants induce the formation of char and prevent char oxidation. It forms a thermal insulation layer on the wood and prevents the release of volatiles for further combustion [13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Different Types of Expandable Graphite on the Thermal Resistance of Spruce Wood

et al. 2023

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In order to not limit the possibilities of using wood due to its flammability, the implementation of fire protection is an essential requirement. An integral part of the research on the fire protection of wood is the determination of the effectiveness of the applied protective means and their effect on changing its behavior under fire conditions. In this work, samples of spruce wood (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) (50 mm × 40 mm × 10 mm) were treated with an aqueous solution of sodium silicate and different types of expandable graphite flakes that were applied to the surface of the samples. The fire characteristics of the samples were studied using a non-standard test method, the radiant heat source test, which was used to determine the mass loss, burning rate, and ignition time of the test samples, and the measurement was carried out via visual recording with a thermal camera. The results of the laboratory test method showed a significant positive effect of the application of all types of expandable graphite flakes. The main insight is that a suitable wood modification using expandable graphite flakes in combination with water glass has the potential to reduce mass loss by at least 73 ± 3% and reduce the temperature rise on the surface of the sample. The lower temperature of the surface of the burning material reduces the possibility of heat transfer to the surrounding materials and thus reduces the rate of fire spread.

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“…The bending strength, elasticity modulus, compressive strength, surface hardness, tensile strength, and shear strength of the composite modified wood were improved up to 83.9%, 82.3%, 72.7%, 48.3%, 38.4%, and 53.1%, respectively [12]. Kačíková et al demonstrated that wood modifications using sodium silicate and nanoparticle systems have potentially enhanced flame retardant properties [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selecting the Technology of Sodium Silicate Modified Poplar with the Highest Performance by Fuzzy Orthogonal Method

Bi¹,

Guan²,

Li³

et al. 2023

Journal of Renewable Materials

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Sodium silicate modification can improve the overall performance of wood. The modification process has a great influence on the properties of modified wood. In this study, a new method was introduced to analyze the wood modification process, and the properties of modified wood were studied. Poplar wood was modified with sodium silicate by vacuum-pressure impregnation. After screening using single-factor experiments, an orthogonal experiment was carried out with solution concentration, impregnation time, impregnation pressure, and the cycle times as experimental factors. The modified poplar with the best properties was selected by fuzzy mathematics and characterized by SEM, FT-IR, XRD and TG. The results showed that some lignin and hemicellulose were removed from the wood due to the alkaline action of sodium silicate, and the orderly crystal area of poplar became disorderly, resulting in the reduction of crystallinity of the modified poplar wood. FT-IR analysis showed that sodium silicate was hydrolyzed to form polysilicic acid in wood, and structural analysis revealed the formation of Si-O-Si and Si-O-C, indicating that sodium silicate reacted with fibers on the wood cell wall. TG-DTG curves showed that the final residual mass of modified poplar wood increased from 25% to 67%, and the temperature of the maximum loss rate decreased from 343°C to 276°C. The heat release and smoke release of modified poplar wood decreased obviously. This kind of material with high strength and fire resistance can be used in the outdoor building and indoor furniture.

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The Influence of Nanoparticles on Fire Retardancy of Pedunculate Oak Wood

Cited by 16 publications

References 48 publications

Recent Developments of Nano Flame Retardants for Unsaturated Polyester Resin

Recent Developments of Nano Flame Retardants for Unsaturated Polyester Resin

The Influence of Different Types of Expandable Graphite on the Thermal Resistance of Spruce Wood

Selecting the Technology of Sodium Silicate Modified Poplar with the Highest Performance by Fuzzy Orthogonal Method

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