The Influence of Movement on the Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure of the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Young, Bruce A.; Cramberg, Michael

doi:10.3390/biology11121702

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(89 reference statements)

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“…Presumably this continuum of influence is driven predominantly by changes in spinal compliance due to changes in blood pressure within the spinal venous sinus; vascular pressures are the main determinants of compliance in the skull and vertebral canal 6 . Previous studies on Alligator mississippiensis have shown that CSF pressure is influenced by movement 39 , 40 , and that movement-related CSF pulsations asymmetrically propagate across the foramen magnum, presumably due to differential compliance 38 . The present study suggests that the spinal venous sinus plays a key role in modulating the compliance of the spinal dura, and, in this way, can significantly influence the exchange of CSF between the cranial and spinal compartments, and the basic parameters of the CSF pressure wave.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The influence of spinal venous blood pressure on cerebrospinal fluid pressure

Taylor,

English,

Cramberg

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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In Alligator mississippiensis the spinal dura is surrounded by a venous sinus; pressure waves can propagate in the spinal venous blood, and these spinal venous pressures can be transmitted to the spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This study was designed to explore pressure transfer between the spinal venous blood and the spinal CSF. At rest the cardiac-related CSF pulsations are attenuated and delayed, while the ventilatory-related pulsations are amplified as they move from the spinal venous blood to the spinal CSF. Orthostatic gradients resulted in significant alterations of both cardiac- and ventilatory-related CSF pulsations. Manual lateral oscillations of the alligator’s tail created pressure waves in the spinal CSF that propagated, with slight attenuation but no delay, to the cranial CSF. Oscillatory pressure pulsations in the spinal CSF and venous blood had little influence on the underlying ventilatory pulsations, though the same oscillatory pulsations reduced the ventilatory- and increased the cardiac-related pulsations in the cranial CSF. In Alligator the spinal venous anatomy creates a more complex pressure relationship between the venous and CSF systems than has been described in humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The influence of spinal venous blood pressure on cerebrospinal fluid pressure

Taylor,

English,

Cramberg

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…Locomotion in Alligator is driven, as in all other vertebrates, by lower motor (spinal) neurons and the associated spinal neuronal circuitry (El Manira, 2014). Body movements in Alligator create pressure waves within both the CSF (Young & Cramberg, 2022a, 2022b) and the vs (Taylor et al, 2023). The pressures waves within the vs simultaneously convey physiological pressures (e.g., inspiration) to the CSF, differentially propagate pressures along the length of the spinal cord, and influence existing CSF pressure waves by altering dural compliance (English et al, 2023).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the spinal venous sinus of Alligator mississippiensis

Parker,

Cramberg,

Scott

et al. 2024

The Anatomical Record

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The epidural space of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) is largely filled by a continuous venous sinus. This venous sinus extends throughout the trunk and tail of the alligator, and is continuous with the dural sinuses surrounding the brain. Segmental spinal veins (sl) link the spinal venous sinus (vs) to the somatic and visceral venous drainage. Some of these sl, like the caudal head vein along the occipital plate of the skull, are enlarged, suggesting more functional linkage. No evidence of venous valves or external venous sphincters was found associated with the vs; the relative scarcity of smooth muscle in the venous wall of the sinus suggests limited physiological regulation. The proatlas (pr), which develops between the occipital plate and C1 in crocodylians, is shaped like a neural arch and is fused to the dorsal surface of the vs. The present study suggests that the pr may function to propel venous blood around the brain and spinal cord. The vs effectively encloses the spinal dura, creating a tube‐within‐a‐tube system with the (smaller volume) spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Changes in venous blood pressure, as are likely during locomotion, would impact dural compliance and CSF pressure waves propagating along the spinal cord.

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“…[28,29] Inertial shifts in the CSF of humans have been shown in conjunction with rotation of the head; [38] and recent work has shown a link between natural body movements and CSF pressure dynamics. [40,41] e push/pull trials consistently yielded asymmetric results; the pressure change in the cranial compartment was significantly greater than the pressure change in the spinal compartment [Table 1]. is differential cannot be explained by differential momentum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic asymmetry in cerebrospinal fluid pressure: An indicator of regional differences in compliance

English¹,

Taylor²,

Cramberg³

et al. 2023

Surgical Neurology International

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Background: Dural compliance influences the shape and magnitude of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulsations. In humans, cranial compliance is approximately 2× greater than spinal compliance; the differential has been attributed to the associated vasculature. In alligators, the spinal cord is surrounded by a large venous sinus, which suggests that the spinal compartment may have higher compliance than is found in mammals. Methods: Pressure catheters were surgically implanted into the cranial and spinal subdural spaces of eight subadult American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). The CSF was propelled through the subdural space by orthostatic gradients and rapid changes in linear acceleration. Results: CSF pressure recordings taken from the cranial compartment were consistently, and significantly, larger than those taken from the spinal compartment. After the myodural bridge of Alligator was surgically released, the asymmetry in CSF pressure was decreased. Conclusion: Unlike the situation in humans, the spinal compartment of Alligator has greater compliance than the cranial compartment, presumably due to the presence of the large spinal venous sinus surrounding the dura. The change in CSF pressures after myodural surgical release supports the hypothesis that the myodural bridge functions, at least in part, to modulate dural compliance and the exchange of CSF between the cranial and spinal compartments.

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The Influence of Movement on the Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure of the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Cited by 4 publications

References 78 publications

The influence of spinal venous blood pressure on cerebrospinal fluid pressure

The influence of spinal venous blood pressure on cerebrospinal fluid pressure

On the spinal venous sinus of Alligator mississippiensis

Dynamic asymmetry in cerebrospinal fluid pressure: An indicator of regional differences in compliance

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