The Influence of Migration on Secular Trends in Sex Ratios at Birth in Cuba in the Past Fifty Years

Secular trends in newborn sex ratios

“…Matters were expedited for refugees to the US by the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966. These laws coincide with the 1966 M/F dip [42].…”

“…The US granted Cuba an annual minimum of 20,000 legal immigrant visas. The M/F dip in 1985 follows this agreement [42].…”

Economic Stress and the Secondary Sex Ratio: Ireland, Iceland, Greece and Latvia

“…However, annual data may also suffice, with changes occurring in just one year followed by a swift recovery. This was also seen, for example, in Cuba, wherein three acts of legislation passed in the United States over the period 1960-96 in order to facilitate the mass emigration of Cuban refugees to the United States from repressive communist rule resulted in three sharp and significant dips in annual M/F in the same or the following year (1966, 1980 and 1985) [22].…”

The Secondary Sex Ratio at Birth Was Depressed in Quebec by the Sovereignty Referendums

“…For example, in Cuba the M/T ratio dipped sharply in 1966, 1980, and 1985; all of these were associated with the passage of laws in the United States that facilitated entry of Cuban refugees into the United States. 10 Falls in the M/T ratio have also been shown to occur in association with non-violent political events in noncontracting economies. In Malta, parliamentary elections evoked a change in the M/T ratio similar to that illustrated in Quebec.…”

“…For example, the M/T ratio in Cuba dipped sharply in three different years in response to legislation enacted in the United States. 10 Democratic Maltese parliamentary elections have also been shown to lower the M/T ratio in that country. 11 Debates in Quebec advocating independence have loomed large in the province's politics.…”