The influence of metastatic site on the expression of CEA and cellular localization of β‐catenin in colorectal cancer

Abstract

Our findings indicate that lung microenvironment is unique in that it suppresses the expression of CEA by CRC cells forming neoplastic glands. In addition, lung microenvironment promotes nuclear localization of β-catenin, suggesting that the Wnt signaling pathway is relatively active highly in CRC metastasized to lung, when compared with liver or colon.

A multimeric carcinoembryonic antigen signal inhibits the activation of human T cells by a SHP‐independent mechanism: A potential mechanism for tumor‐mediated suppression of T‐cell immunity

“…26 Furthermore, clinical research in patients has discovered significantly increased levels of surface CEA in biopsies of metastasized colorectal can-cer from the liver. 27 These observations, together with our study, suggest the possibility that suppressed T-cell functions caused by CEA may be responsible for tumor metastasis and stabilization. Intriguingly, we also show that the inhibitory effect is limited when CEA proteins are administered in a soluble form.…”

“…Indeed, a recent report has demonstrated the importance of tumor cell CEA surface expression for metastasis showing CEA‐mediated promotion of tumor implantation in mice . Furthermore, clinical research in patients has discovered significantly increased levels of surface CEA in biopsies of metastasized colorectal cancer from the liver . These observations, together with our study, suggest the possibility that suppressed T‐cell functions caused by CEA may be responsible for tumor metastasis and stabilization.…”

Feasibility of mesorectal vascular invasion in predicting early distant metastasis in patients with stage T3 rectal cancer based on rectal MRI

“…However, specificity (94.59 %) of MRI-detected MVI was significantly higher than that of CEA (67.57 %; p<0.05). Rao et al [26] reported that colorectal cancer neoplastic glands formed in liver expressed high CEA level but CEA expression in the neoplastic glands was considerably lower than in the tumour necrotic regions in the lungs. Villeneuve et al [27] suggested that preoperative CEA level≥10 ng/mL was prognostic factor in patients with lung metastasis from colorectal cancer.…”

High-Precision Quantitative Analysis Reveals Carcinoembryonic Protein Expression Differs Among Colorectal Cancer Primary Foci and Metastases to Different Sites

“…They showed that significantly higher CEA expression in CRC tissues and liver tumor glands than in normal colon crypt tissues, but no difference in CEA expression between CRC primary foci and liver metastases, which all expressed high levels of CEA. 9,18 All the above results were obtained by pathological scoring of cells that stained negatively, weakly, or strongly positive, but ratios of CEA-positive cells were not precisely quantified. As showed by our results, up to ∼80% of cells in paired primary and liver metastasis tissues were CEA-positive (Table 2), but the proportion of CEA-positive cells was significantly higher in liver metastases than in paired primary foci from the same patient (Figures 2B and 4).…”

“…7 Levels of CEA expression differ in primary foci of CRC among patients 8 and between CRC primary foci and liver metastases. 9 Studies have analyzed the heterogeneity of CEA in the primary foci of CRC. Compared with the corresponding CEA-positive cells, CEA-negative cells showed higher tumorigenic and metastatic abilities.…”