The Influence of Maximum Strength Performance in Squats and Standing Calf Raises on Squat Jumps, Drop Jumps, and Linear and Change of Direction Sprint Performance in Youth Soccer Players

Keiner, Michael; Bjorn, Kadlubowski; Hagen, Hartmann; Klaus, Wirth

doi:10.23937/2469-5718/1510190

Int J Sports Exerc Med

2021

DOI: 10.23937/2469-5718/1510190

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The Influence of Maximum Strength Performance in Squats and Standing Calf Raises on Squat Jumps, Drop Jumps, and Linear and Change of Direction Sprint Performance in Youth Soccer Players

Michael Keiner¹,

Kadlubowski Bjorn²,

Hartmann Hagen³

et al.

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Cited by 3 publications

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Maximal strength measurement: A critical evaluation of common methods—a narrative review

Warneke

Wagner²,

Keiner³

et al. 2023

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Measuring maximal strength (MSt) is a very common performance diagnoses, especially in elite and competitive sports. The most popular procedure in test batteries is to test the one repetition maximum (1RM). Since testing maximum dynamic strength is very time consuming, it often suggested to use isometric testing conditions instead. This suggestion is based on the assumption that the high Pearson correlation coefficients of r ≥ 0.7 between isometric and dynamic conditions indicate that both tests would provide similar measures of MSt. However, calculating r provides information about the relationship between two parameters, but does not provide any statement about the agreement or concordance of two testing procedures. Hence, to assess replaceability, the concordance correlation coefficient (ρc) and the Bland-Altman analysis including the mean absolute error (MAE) and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) seem to be more appropriate. Therefore, an exemplary model based on r = 0.55 showed ρc = 0.53, A MAE of 413.58 N and a MAPE = 23.6% with a range of −1,000–800 N within 95% Confidence interval (95%CI), while r = 0.7 and 0.92 showed ρc = 0.68 with a MAE = 304.51N/MAPE = 17.4% with a range of −750 N–600 N within a 95% CI and ρc = 0.9 with a MAE = 139.99/MAPE = 7.1% with a range of −200–450 N within a 95% CI, respectively. This model illustrates the limited validity of correlation coefficients to evaluate the replaceability of two testing procedures. Interpretation and classification of ρc, MAE and MAPE seem to depend on expected changes of the measured parameter. A MAPE of about 17% between two testing procedures can be assumed to be intolerably high.

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Maximal strength measurement: A critical evaluation of common methods—a narrative review

Warneke

Wagner²,

Keiner³

et al. 2023

Front. Sports Act. Living

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The magnitude of correlation between deadlift 1RM and jumping performance is sports dependent

Schiemann,

Keiner,

Wirth

et al. 2024

Front. Sports Act. Living

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IntroductionBased on the assumption of maximal strength as a basic ability, several studies show a high influence of maximum strength on jumping performance in several sport athletes. However, there is a wide range of correlations from r = 0.17–0.9 between squat 1RM and jumping performance in different sports. Additionally, there are only a few studies investigating the influence of deadlift one repetition maximum (1RM) on jumping performance. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the correlations between 1RM in the deadlift on jumping performance using the countermovement jump height (CMJ) and squat jump height (SJ) considering different sports.Methods103 athletes with experience in the deadlift from soccer, basketball, American football, powerlifting as well as participants from different sports without any deadlift experience (control group) were included to this study.ResultsOverall statistics showed a significant moderate influence of deadlift 1RM (r = 0.301–0.472) on jumping performance. However, subgroup analysis showed no significant correlation between deadlift 1RM and jumping performance in control participants, while moderate correlations could be detected in powerlifters (r = 0.34–0.39), soccer players (r = 0.437–0.46), American football players (0.584–0.62) and high correlations in basketball players (r = 0.809–0.848) showing significant influence of type of sport on correlations between deadlift maximum strength and jumping performance.DiscussionPresented results underline movement velocity- and task specificity of strength training routines which is discussed in the light of the respective sports.

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Using Long-Duration Static Stretch Training to Counteract Strength and Flexibility Deficits in Moderately Trained Participants

Warneke

Lohmann

Keiner

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Many sports injuries result in surgery and prolonged periods of immobilization, which may lead to significant atrophy accompanied by loss of maximal strength and range of motion and, therefore, a weak-leg/strong-leg ratio (as an imbalance index D) lower than 1. Consequently, there are common rehabilitation programs that aim to enhance maximal strength, muscle thickness and flexibility; however, the literature demonstrates existing strength imbalances after weeks of rehabilitation. Since no study has previously been conducted to investigate the effects of long-duration static stretch training to treat muscular imbalances, the present research aims to determine the possibility of counteracting imbalances in maximal strength and range of motion. Thirty-nine athletic participants with significant calf muscle imbalances in maximal strength and range of motion were divided into an intervention group (one-hour daily plantar flexors static stretching of the weaker leg for six weeks) and a control group to evaluate the effects on maximal strength and range of motion with extended and bent knee joint. Results show significant increases in maximal strength (d = 0.84–1.61, p < 0.001–0.005) and range of motion (d = 0.92–1.49, p < 0.001–0.002) following six weeks of static stretching. Group * time effects (p < 0.001–0.004, ƞ² = 0.22–0.55) revealed D changes in the intervention group from 0.87 to 1.03 for maximal strength and from 0.92 to 1.11 in range of motion. The results provide evidence for the use of six weeks of daily, one hour stretching to counteract muscular imbalances. Related research in clinical settings after surgery is suggested.

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The Influence of Maximum Strength Performance in Squats and Standing Calf Raises on Squat Jumps, Drop Jumps, and Linear and Change of Direction Sprint Performance in Youth Soccer Players

Cited by 3 publications

References 18 publications

Maximal strength measurement: A critical evaluation of common methods—a narrative review

Maximal strength measurement: A critical evaluation of common methods—a narrative review

The magnitude of correlation between deadlift 1RM and jumping performance is sports dependent

Using Long-Duration Static Stretch Training to Counteract Strength and Flexibility Deficits in Moderately Trained Participants

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