The influence of maximal strength performance of upper and lower extremities and trunk muscles on different sprint swim performances in adolescent swimmers

Keiner, Michael; Yaghobi, Dennis; Sander, Andre; Wirth, Klaus; Hartmann, Hagen

doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2015.05.001

Cited by 34 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…Table 2 summarises the number of participants, sex, age, anthropometric characteristics, dry-land and swim start tests performed and primary kinematic/kinetic swim start outcomes in each cross-sectional study. Out of the eight studies, four studies reported using the front crawl technique [4,[27][28][29], while the other studies did not report the swimming stroke used in the study.…”

Section: Cross-sectional Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Insert Table 1 and Table 2 about here Among the kinematic or kinetic outputs derived from the lower body strength/power tests, it appears that jump height and the take-off velocity obtained in the bodyweight (BW) CMJ and SJ had the greatest correlation with time to 5 m [28] and time to 15 m [29] out of all eight studies (Table 3). Pupišová & Pupiš [30] included both grab and track starts and reported a moderate (r = 0.59) and large correlation (r = 0.78) of the vertical take-off velocity in the vertical jump to swim start time to 7 m and 9 m respectively.…”

Section: Cross-sectional Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationships Between Dry-land Resistance Training and Swim Start Performance and Effects of Such Training on the Swim Start: A Systematic Review

2019

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Background: The swim start requires an explosive muscular response of the lower body musculature to effectively initiate movement off the starting blocks. There are currently key gaps in the literature evaluating the relationships between, and the effects of dry-land resistance training, on swim start performance, as assessed by the time to 5, 10 or 15 m. Objective: The aims of this systematic review are to critically appraise the current literature on (1) the acute relationship between dry-land resistance training and swim start performance; (2) the acute and chronic effects of dry-land resistance training on swim start performance. Methods: An electronic search using AusportMed, Embase, Medline (Ovid), SPORTDiscus and Web of Science was performed. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment (NOS) scale (cross-sectional studies) and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale (intervention studies). Results: Sixteen studies met the eligibility criteria, although the majority did not utilise the starting blocks or technique currently used in elite swimming. Swim start performance was near perfectly related (r > 0.90) to vertical bodyweight jumps and jump height. Post-activation potentiation and plyometrics were found to produce significant improvements in acute and chronic swim start performance, respectively. Conclusion: While there appears to be strong evidence supporting the use of plyometric exercises such as vertical jumps for monitoring and improving swim start performance, future studies need to replicate these findings using current starting blocks and techniques and compare the chronic effects of a variety of resistance training programs. Key Points  Performance in a range of lower body strength and power exercises are highly correlated to swim start performance with correlations appearing greatest when utilising body weight vertical jumping exercises  Post-activation potentiation can produce significant acute improvements in swim start performance  Plyometrics as a form of dry-land training can produce significant chronic improvements in swim start performance This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Sports medicine.

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Section: Cross-sectional Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cross-sectional Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships Between Dry-land Resistance Training and Swim Start Performance and Effects of Such Training on the Swim Start: A Systematic Review

2019

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“…Kibler et al defined core stability in sports as the ability to control the position and trunk movement on the pelvis in order to produce, control, and transmit movement to the end limbs in integrated sports activities [17]. In this regard, Kibler et al stated that the body center is considered as an essential component for optimal performance in most sports because it provides a basis for producing more force in the upper and lower limbs [18].…”

Section: Plain Language Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Eﬀect of Selected Core Stability Exercises on the Jumping-Landing Pattern and Trunk Muscular Endurance in Adolescent Volleyball Players With Trunk Defect

Tafakoriollah

Daneshmandi

Samami

2020

PTJ

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The anterior cruciate ligament is one of the most vulnerable knee ligaments. The biomechanical and neuromuscular differences of the trunk during sports activities are the main cause of non-collision injury. Therefore, the aim of the present research was to investigate the effect of six weeks selected core stability exercises on the jumping-landing pattern and trunk endurance in adolescent volleyball players with trunk defects. Methods: The present semi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design was conducted on 65 adolescent volleyball players from Shiraz, of whom 22 athletes with trunk defects were selected during the initial screening. Available sampling was done and the subjects were randomly divided into the experimental (n=11, average age: 16.36±0.41 years, height: 1.74±0.02 m, and weight: 61.54± 3.12 kg) and control (n=11, average age: 16.18±0.50 years, height: 1.70± 0.02 m, and weight: 61.27 ±2.36 kg). The tuck jump test was used to assess the subjects' trunk defect. Core stability exercises were performed for six weeks, three days a week. To evaluate the jumping-landing pattern and trunk muscular endurance, the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) and McGill protocol were used, respectively, and to analyze the results, the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and independent t-test at a significant level of P<0.05 were used. Results: A significant difference was observed in the jumping-landing pattern (P=0.001) and trunk muscular endurance (P=0.001) between the two control and experimental groups. Conclusion: The results of the present research showed that six weeks selected core stability exercises improved the jumping-landing pattern of adolescent volleyball players with trunk defects and also improved their trunk muscular endurance. Therefore, sports coaches are recommended to use the trunk defect screening test, as well as the core stability exercises protocols to prevent sports injuries in adolescent volleyball players.

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“…They also found a correlation between the strength tests of the upper body and swim performance. The authors therefore concluded that maximal strength of both the upper and lower body can be good predictors of swim performance [10]. Within a similar age group (17.9 ± 2.9 years), an eleven week combined strength and endurance training programme was found to have a significant effect on 400 m freestyle performance, tethered swim force and maximal strength [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of studies have found a positive relationship between strength, power and swimming performance. For example, Keiner, et al [10] investigated the influence of maximal strength performance on sprint swimming performances in male and female youth swimmers (17.5 ± 2.0 years) and found there to be strong negative correlations between leg strength (1 RM squat), speed-strength and swim performance particularly for short distances (up to 25 m). They also found a correlation between the strength tests of the upper body and swim performance.…”

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confidence: 99%

Land Based Resistance Training and Youth Swimming Performance

Grant¹,

Kavaliauskas

2017

Int J Sports Exerc Med

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Resistance training has been shown to have both performance-enhancing and injury-reducing benefits in youth athletes. The benefits are somewhat overlooked by many swimming coaches, therefore the effects of a structured resistance training programme in highly trained youth swimmers was investigated. Nine competitive youth swimmers (age: 13 ± 1.1 years) underwent a 7 week dry-land resistance training programme. Swimming performance and other relevant physiological parameters were measured preand post-training. There was a small non-significant improvement in swimming performance following the 7 week training programme (100 m freestyle; p > 0.05, ES = 0.26). Countermovement jump height (p < 0.05, ES = -1.26), back and leg strength (p < 0.05, ES = -1.85) and number of push ups completed in 60 s (p < 0.05, ES = -1.86) all significantly improved. Although the resistance training programme did not significantly improve swimming performance, other physiological parameters, important for success in the pool, did significantly improve. It may be that an adaptation period is needed so the swimmers can learn to efficiently apply their increased force in the water. KeywordsSwimming, Performance, Strength, Power, Resistance training Appropriate Resistance Training (RT) has been shown to have performance-enhancing and injury-reducing benefits in youth athletes [5,6]. The awareness of such benefits is demonstrated by an increasing number of swimming coaches working with different age groups that incorporate dry-land training, including RT, into their swimming programmes [7]. Although RT is associated with increased strength, power production [8] and the rate of force development [9], the exact effects of various dry-land training interventions on swimming performance, particularly in youth swimmers is unclear. A number of studies have found a positive relationship between strength, power and swimming performance. For example, Keiner, et al. [10] investigated the influence of maximal strength performance on sprint swimming performances in male and female youth swimmers (17.5 ± 2.0 years) and found there to be strong negative correlations between leg strength (1 RM squat), speed-strength and swim performance particularly for short distances (up to 25 m). They also found a correlation between the strength tests of the upper body and swim performance. The authors therefore concluded that maximal strength of both the upper and lower body can be good predictors of swim performance [10]. Within a similar age group (17.9 ± 2.9 years), an eleven week combined strength and endurance training programme was found to have a significant effect on 400 m freestyle performance, tethered swim force and maximal strength [11]. Similar findings have also been found in international male swimmers where lower body strength and power were significantly related to 'time to 15 m', at the start of a 50 m freestyle maximum effort thus highlighting the importance of strength and power to performance [12].

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The influence of maximal strength performance of upper and lower extremities and trunk muscles on different sprint swim performances in adolescent swimmers

Cited by 34 publications

References 27 publications

Relationships Between Dry-land Resistance Training and Swim Start Performance and Effects of Such Training on the Swim Start: A Systematic Review

Relationships Between Dry-land Resistance Training and Swim Start Performance and Effects of Such Training on the Swim Start: A Systematic Review

The Eﬀect of Selected Core Stability Exercises on the Jumping-Landing Pattern and Trunk Muscular Endurance in Adolescent Volleyball Players With Trunk Defect

Land Based Resistance Training and Youth Swimming Performance

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