The influence of lubricant formulation on early thrust and radial bearing damage associated with white etching cracks

Ruellan, Arnaud; Stadler, Kenred; Rydel, Jakub Jelita; Ryan, Helen T.

doi:10.1177/1350650120940196

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…From the above, after classifying and summarizing various failure types of wind turbine bearings, it is easy to notice that the main issues of bearing failure have changed from surface matters to lubrication problems [ 111 ]. According to statistics, most failures in wind turbines are related to bearings, and about 70% of bearing failures are linked to lubrication [ 112 , 113 ]. Regarding bearing faults, if researchers get hold of these failure modes and combine them with some effective lubrication techniques, O&M costs can be decreased, and power generation becomes more cost-effective [ 114 ].…”

Section: Fault Analysis and Research On Tribological Faults Of Wind T...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Tribological Failure Analysis and Lubrication Technology Research of Wind Power Bearings

et al. 2022

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Wind power, being a recyclable and renewable resource, makes for a sizable portion of the new energy generation sector. Nonetheless, the wind energy industry is experiencing early failure of important components of wind turbines, with the majority of these issues also involving wind power bearings. Bearing dependability is directly tied to the transmission efficiency and work performance of wind turbines as one of its major components. The majority of wind turbine failures are due to bearings, and the vast majority of bearing failures are due to lubrication. The topic of improving the accuracy and life of wind power bearing motion is becoming increasingly essential as the wind power industry develops rapidly. This study examines the various constructions and types of wind turbines, as well as their bearings. We also examined the most typical causes of friction and lubrication failure. Furthermore, contemporary research on wind turbine bearings has been compiled, which mostly comprises the study and development of lubrication technology and other areas. Finally, a conclusion and outlook on current challenges, as well as future research directions, are offered.

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Section: Fault Analysis and Research On Tribological Faults Of Wind T...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Tribological Failure Analysis and Lubrication Technology Research of Wind Power Bearings

et al. 2022

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“…However, due to the variety of influencing factors and the complex interaction between them, it has not yet been possible to reliably transfer knowledge about trigger mechanisms to full size components or to the system level to reliably reproduce WEC [11]. Thus, no exact load conditions and environmental factors are known for the reproduction of WEC in roller bearings used in wind turbine gearboxes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical factors for premature failures of roller bearings in wind turbines due to white etching cracks: A review from literature and industry experience

Harling,

Jacobs,

Lehmann

2024

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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This paper investigates the chemical influencing factors leading to premature bearing failures in wind turbine gearboxes. Chemical factors like the lubricant composition and the boundary layer of the bearing material play a crucial role in enabling premature failures caused by white etching cracks (WEC). They are then eventually triggered by energy input due to mechanical or electrical loads. Even though reproducing WEC on test rigs (e.g. FE8 test rig or three-disc-tribometer) is possible a reproduction or transfer of the knowledge to full-size test rigs or real systems remains challenging. This is due to the system-specific contact conditions which result from the respective loads, the bearing geometry and the chemical influencing factors. To collect the industry’s perspective on chemical influencing factors and their significance in the field, the state of the art was analysed and based on the results a survey was prepared. The survey interviews are conducted among leading manufacturers of lubricants, bearings, gearboxes and OEMs in the wind energy sector. From those results the influence of hydrogen, particles and contact temperature were identified as particularly important.

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“…From the chemical analyses and information on components reported within these studies, zinc dithiophosphate, as an antiwear component, and calcium sulfonate, as a corrosion inhibitor, have been identified as promotors in WEC formation by several studies [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. To understand the role of lubricant chemistry on WEC creation, this study uses chemically well-described formulations such as zinc-di(2-ethylhexyl)dithiophosphate (ZDDP) in polyalphaolefine (PAO).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on Decisive Early Stages in White Etching Crack Formation Induced by Lubrication

et al. 2022

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The reliability of rolling bearings is affected by white etching crack (WEC) or white structure flaking (WSF) failures, causing tremendous commercial burdens for bearing manufacturers and operators. The research for the underlying failure mechanism has attracted interest from a large scientific community over decades. Despite the significant amount of efforts, a root cause of white etching cracking is still missing. Amongst other factors, lubricant chemistry is considered to be essential in WEC formation. The authors aim to elucidate this key parameter by provoking white etching crack formation on a FE8 bearing test rig using a well-described set of chemicals in high- and low-reference lubricants. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis prove the presence of a patchy tribofilm on the surface of bearing washers, leading most likely to a higher frictional torque at the early stages of operation when the low reference oil is used. Secondary neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) shows a hydrogen containing tribofilm in the shallow subsurface of about 30 nm depth, suggesting that hydrogen proliferating into bearing material may subsequently facilitate crack propagation via dislocation pileups, leading to premature bearing failure.

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The influence of lubricant formulation on early thrust and radial bearing damage associated with white etching cracks

Cited by 13 publications

References 36 publications

Review of Tribological Failure Analysis and Lubrication Technology Research of Wind Power Bearings

Review of Tribological Failure Analysis and Lubrication Technology Research of Wind Power Bearings

Chemical factors for premature failures of roller bearings in wind turbines due to white etching cracks: A review from literature and industry experience

A Study on Decisive Early Stages in White Etching Crack Formation Induced by Lubrication

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