The influence of large wood on brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>) behaviour and surface foraging

Gustafsson, Pär; Greenberg, Larry; Bergman, Eva

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2012.02767.x

Cited by 12 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Our study showed a 67% decrease in cruising time when FW was introduced, which is similar to the 74% decrease in activity reported by Gustafsson et al. () for single small trout in habitats with added large wood (LW). Also, total average trout activity in our study (21.7% of time) was similar to the 27.7% activity of small trout in the study with LW.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…; Gustafsson et al. ; but see Fenderson & Carpenter ). Growth and mortality rates of juvenile brown trout in streams are density dependent (Lobón‐Cerviá ; Vøllestad & Moland Olsen ), and the density dependence can be more pronounced for small than large fish (Jenkins et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Large brown trout, but not small, can feed more efficiently in the presence than in the absence of LW (Gustafsson et al. ). However, not much is known about the effect of FW on the behaviour and performance of small salmonids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of fine wood on juvenile brown trout behaviour in experimental stream channels

Enefalk

Bergman

2015

Ecology of Freshwater Fish

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In-stream wood can increase shelter availability and prey abundance for stream-living fish such as brown trout, Salmo trutta, but the input of wood to streams has decreased in recent years due to harvesting of riparian vegetation. During the last decades, fine wood (FW) has been increasingly used for biofuel, and the input of FW to streams may therefore decrease. Although effects of in-stream FW have not been studied as extensively as those of large wood (LW), it is probably important as shelter for small-sized trout. In a laboratory stream experiment, we tested the behavioural response of young-of-the-year wild brown trout to three densities of FW, with trout tested alone and in groups of four. Video recordings were used to measure the proportion of time allocated to sheltering, cruising and foraging, as well as the number of aggressive interactions and prey attacks. Cruising activity increased with decreasing FW density and was higher in the four-fish groups than when fish were alone. Foraging decreased and time spent sheltering in FW increased with increasing FW density. Our study shows that juvenile trout activity is higher in higher fish densities and that trout response to FW is related to FW density and differs from the response to LW as reported by others.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Effect of fine wood on juvenile brown trout behaviour in experimental stream channels

Enefalk

Bergman

2015

Ecology of Freshwater Fish

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“…Fourth, high wood densities increase visual isolation between competitors and thereby probably decrease interactions between conspecifics (Kalleberg, 1958;Imre et al, 2002;, presumably decreasing energy expenditure and enhancing growth. Gustafsson et al (2012) found that aggressive interactions were substantially reduced at wood densities similar to those used in the present study, and moreover, the ratio of the proportion of successful prey captures to time spent actively swimming increased by approximately 350% with increasing wood densities. Thus, the addition of wood has most likely influenced growth in several ways, not only providing the fish with greater prey resources, but also by influencing foraging behaviour and levels of aggression.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Effects of woody debris and the supply of terrestrial invertebrates on the diet and growth of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a boreal stream

2014

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Summary Changes to the riparian vegetation of forest streams during timber harvesting may have considerable impacts on stream biota, but few studies have attempted to separate the effects of individual factors that are altered during clear‐felling operations. We studied the effects of large wood and terrestrial invertebrate supply, two factors affected by forest harvesting, on the growth and diet of two size classes of brown trout (Salmo trutta) during a two‐month (June–August) field enclosure experiment. Twelve 20‐m‐long enclosed stream reaches were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design, with large wood either absent or added to mimic pre‐modern forestry conditions, and terrestrial invertebrate inputs either reduced or maintained at ambient levels. The addition of large wood had a positive effect on the growth of large trout but no effect on small trout, whereas terrestrial invertebrate input had no effect on the growth of either size class. Growth rates were highest in the treatment with ambient terrestrial invertebrate inputs and added wood, were lowest in the treatment with reduced terrestrial invertebrate inputs and no added wood and were intermediate in the other two treatments. Dietary analyses showed no difference in treatments with and without added wood, perhaps because instream wood influences growth by producing profitable stream positions for trout, rather than by acting as a source of prey. Terrestrial invertebrate inputs affected the diet, as trout in enclosures with reduced inputs had a lower proportion of terrestrial invertebrate biomass in the diet than trout in enclosures with ambient terrestrial inputs. Our results suggest that leaving woody debris in streams when harvesting forests may enhance trout growth and that this is probably due to the physical changes in depth and current velocity caused by the wood rather than to changes in dietary prey composition.

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“…; Gustafsson et al . ). The mechanisms behind this are probably reduced visual contact among dominant individuals and increased cost of territory defence (Eason and Stamps ; Dolinsek et al .…”

Section: Ecological Relevance Of Structural Complexitymentioning

confidence: 97%

Environmental enrichment for fish in captive environments: effects of physical structures and substrates

2014

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Structural environmental enrichment, that is, a deliberate addition of physical complexity to the rearing environment, is sometimes utilized to reduce the expression of the undesirable traits that fish develop in captivity. Increasing demands and regulations regarding usage of enrichment to promote fish welfare also make investigations on the effects of enrichment important. Here, we sythesize the current state‐of‐the‐art knowledge about the effects of structural environmental enrichment for fish in captive environments. We find that enrichment can affect several aspects of the biology of captive fish, for example, aggression, stress, energy expenditure, injury and disease susceptibility. Importantly, these effects are often varying in direction and magnitude, and it is clear that just addition of structure is not a solution to all problems in fish rearing. Each species and life stage needs special consideration with respect to its natural history and preferences. A multitude of different enrichment types has been investigated and many studies investigate several enrichment components at the same time, making comparisons among studies difficult. To the present date, the majority of efforts have been directed to investigate salmonid fish in stock‐fish hatcheries and cichlids from a basic research perspective. Some contexts are under‐studied with respect to environmental enrichment, for instance effects on results in basic research and welfare effects in display aquaria. There are many research opportunities left within this field. However, future studies could utilize experimental designs which make it possible to discriminate between effects of different environmental manipulations to a higher degree than what has been performed to this date.

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The influence of large wood on brown trout (Salmo trutta) behaviour and surface foraging

Cited by 12 publications

References 72 publications

Effect of fine wood on juvenile brown trout behaviour in experimental stream channels

Effect of fine wood on juvenile brown trout behaviour in experimental stream channels

Effects of woody debris and the supply of terrestrial invertebrates on the diet and growth of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a boreal stream

Environmental enrichment for fish in captive environments: effects of physical structures and substrates

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