The Influence of Iodine on the Excretion of Creatine in Exophthalmic Goiter 1

Palmer, Walter W.; Carson, D. A.; Sloan, Lawrence W.

doi:10.1172/jci100213

Cited by 27 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…These data confirm the observation of Palmer, Carson and Sloan (10), that hyperthyroidism induces or exaggerates creatinuria and that this can be allayed by iodine. They give no evidence, however, of any fundamental change in the nature of the metabolism of creatine.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The Mode of Excretion of Creatine and Creatine Metabolism in Thyroid Disease 1

Tierney¹,

Peters²

1943

J. Clin. Invest.

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The yellow color yielded by the Jaffe reaction, which is commonly employed for the determination of creatinine and creatine, is not highly specific and is ill-adapted to visual colorimetry. For the measurement of the comparatively gross quantities of creatinine and creatine excreted in the urine, it has proved quite accurate; but the small amounts of creatinine found in normal blood can be measured only with uncertainty. For creatine of serum, it has proved even more unsatisfactory than for creatinine. So slight is the increase in color produced by alkaline picrate after serum filtrates are exposed to acid and heat that the very presence of creatine in normal serum has been doubted (1 to 3). In the plasma of infants and of women who excreted creatine in the urine, Hunter and Campbell (1) and Wilson and Plass (2) detected appreciable increments of chromogenic material after treatment aimed to convert creatine to creatinine. This led them to the tentative conclusion that creatinuria marked the appearance of creatine in the serum of which it was not a normal component.Discouraged by these experiences, subsequent observers have confined their attentions to studies of the excretion of creatine in the urine, in which it appears in measurable quantities and without appreciable amounts of interfering chromogenic substances. Consequently, opinions about the metabolism of this substance, especially in human subjects, are largely based on inference. The recent presentation by Peters (4) of a procedure adapted to the Evelyn-Molloy photoelectric colorimeter has made it possible to measure creatine in serum with reasonable accuracy and therefore to examine the relation of creatinuria to the concentration of creatine in blood serum.The present paper deals with the mode of excretion of creatine by normal adults and the na- METHODSBlood serum and urine were analyzed for creatinine and creatine by the Folin (5) method with the modifications devised by Peters (4) to adapt it to the Evelyn-Molloy photoelectric colorimeter. The most important of these are: (1) the use of a concentrated, but unsaturated solution of picric acid, containing 11.75 grams per liter instead of a saturated solution; and (2) the omission of hydrochloric acid as a dehydrating agent, since it was found that in tungstate filtrates, creatine is quantitatively converted to creatinine at autoclave temperature without the addition of acid. The error of the method does not exceed 0.1 mgm. per cent.Because of the variability of the concentrations of creatine and creatinine in urine, difficulty was at first experienced in bringing the color within the range of intensity suitable for the colorimeter. This was obviated by diluting all urines to a specific gravity of 1.010. From this diluted urine, a 1 to 20 dilution was made. This procedure brings the concentrations of creatine and creatinine regularly within the optimum colorimetric range.In a certain number of experiments, blood and urine were collected at approximately the same time, but the urine was not collected ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The Mode of Excretion of Creatine and Creatine Metabolism in Thyroid Disease 1

Tierney¹,

Peters²

1943

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…Some writers consider these changes as insignificant ( 16). However, the original observation of Shaffer that the output of creatinine is markedly decreased in hyperthyroidism has been confirmed by others (18,24).…”

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confidence: 97%

“…In two of the cases the total creatine + creatinine output decreased and in the other two it increased. A survey of the data reported in the literature shows that in thyrotoxic patients treated with iodine (16,28) Our own experience with thiouracil therapy in children has been limited to two cases. In both of these cases when a creatine-free diet was given treatment caused a decrease in the output of creatine and an increase of creatinine.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Thyroid on Creatine Metabolism With a Discussion of the Mechanism of Storage and Excretion of Creatine Bodies 1

Wilkins

Fleischmann²

1946

J. Clin. Invest.

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The vast literature which has accumulated on the metabolism of creatine has been reviewed in a number of monographs (1 to 4). The discovery of phosphocreatine in muscle (5, 6) was followed by extensive work on the enzyme system controlling the creatine-phosphocreatine cycle and the role of this cycle in muscular contraction (7,8).The synthesis of creatine from its precursors has recently been elucidated using isotopes (9, 10) and experiments on isolated tissues (11). It has been demonstrated that administration of androgens having a methyl group in the 17-position leads to an outpouring of creatine into the urine, presumably through an increased synthesis of creatine (12 to 14).In spite of all this work, the mechanism by which various physiological and pathological conditions influence the excretion of creatine and creatinine is still little understood. The elucidation of these problems depends on the one hand on the study of the synthesis of creatine from its precursors, and on the other hand, upon an understanding of the factors which govern the storage of creatine and phosphocreatine in the muscles, and the liberation and excretion of creatine and creatinine in the urine. The effects of thyroid on the excretion of creatine are so marked that they present an opportunity to study these questions. In this paper we shall survey briefly knowledge which has accumulated on the relationship of thyroid to creatine metabolism and add to it observations which we have made. We shall then discuss the bearing of these findings upon the mechanism of the storage and excretion of creatine and creatinine.

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Metabolic and Endocrine Studies in Identical Diabetic Twins

Bivens¹

1974

Arch Intern Med

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The Influence of Iodine on the Excretion of Creatine in Exophthalmic Goiter 1

Cited by 27 publications

References 5 publications

The Mode of Excretion of Creatine and Creatine Metabolism in Thyroid Disease 1

The Mode of Excretion of Creatine and Creatine Metabolism in Thyroid Disease 1

Effects of Thyroid on Creatine Metabolism With a Discussion of the Mechanism of Storage and Excretion of Creatine Bodies 1

Metabolic and Endocrine Studies in Identical Diabetic Twins

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