The influence of internal waves on losses during sound propagation on a shelf

Exceedance frequency of appearance of the extreme internal waves in the World Ocean

“…For example, extreme waves of high amplitudes in the Strait of Gibraltar and Kara Gates Strait were analyzed in Morozov et al (2002Morozov et al ( , 2003Morozov et al ( , 2008. Large-amplitude internal waves are of interest to researchers due to their dangerous impact on offshore platforms (Fraser, 1999;Song et al, 2011), their influence on safety of submarines and underwater vehicles (Osborn, 2010), and the fact that they also cause phase fluctuations of acoustic signals over large distances (WarnVarnas et al, 2003;Rutenko, 2010;Si et al, 2012). Special warning systems are developed now in regions of high risk of a pipe and platform damage by intense internal waves (Stöber and Moum, 2011).…”

Answer to reviewer 2

“…For example, extreme waves of high amplitudes in the Strait of Gibraltar and Kara Gates Strait were analyzed in Morozov et al (2002Morozov et al ( , 2003Morozov et al ( , 2008. Large-amplitude internal waves are of interest to researchers due to their dangerous impact on offshore platforms (Fraser, 1999;Song et al, 2011), their influence on safety of submarines and underwater vehicles (Osborn, 2010), and the fact that they also cause phase fluctuations of acoustic signals over large distances (Warn-Varnas et al, 2003;Rutenko, 2010;Si et al, 2012). Special warning systems are developed now in regions of high risk of a pipe and platform damage by intense internal waves (Stöber and Moum, 2011).…”

Exceedance frequency of appearance of extreme internal waves in the World Ocean

“…This actually determines the background of the ocean internal waves, over which more intensive processes occur leading to the generation of large (up to extreme values of 500 m) amplitude internal waves (Alford et al, 2015). Data of the large-amplitude internal 25 waves in various areas of the World Ocean are collected in numerous papers (Apel et al, 1985;Salusti et al, 1989;(Fraser, 1999;Warn-Varnas et al, 2003;Osborn, 2010;Rutenko, 2010;Song et al, 2011;Si et al, 2012;). The special warning systems are developed now in regions of high risk of a pipe and platform damage by the intensive internal waves (Stöber and Moum, 2011).…”