The Influence of Individualism Collectivism, Self-Monitoring, and Predicted-Outcome Value on Communication in Ingroup and Outgroup Relationships

Gudykunst, William B.; Gao, Ge; Schmidt, Karen L.; Nishida, Tsukasa; Bond, Michael Harris; Leung, Kwok; Wang, Georgette; Barraclough, Robert A.

doi:10.1177/0022022192232005

Cited by 123 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This may also be relevant to studies which have found that the social relationship between the observer and the performer may influence mirror neuron activity (Liew, Han, & Aziz-Zadeh, 2010). The reward value attributed to the observed action can depend upon the relationship between confederates in a social interaction, such as that demonstrated by in-group vs. out-group differences (Gudykunst et al, 1992;Sobhani, Fox, Kaplan & Aziz-Zadeh, 2012), and competitive vs. cooperative scenarios (Koban, Pourtois, Vocat, & Vuilleumier, 2010). Different social contexts will induce different degrees of reward associated with others' actions, which could depend upon a wide variety of personal and interpersonal motivational factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Modulation of motor cortex activity when observing rewarding and punishing actions

et al. 2013

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a b s t r a c tInterpreting others' actions is essential for understanding the intentions and goals in social interactions. Activity in the motor cortex is evoked when we see another person performing actions, which can also be influenced by the intentions and context of the observed action. No study has directly explored the influence of reward and punishment on motor cortex activity when observing others' actions, which is likely to have substantial relevance in different social contexts. In this experiment, EEG was recorded while participants watched movie clips of a person performing actions that led to a monetary reward, loss or no change for the observer. Using the EEG mu rhythm as an index of motor resonance, our results demonstrate that observation of rewarding actions produce significantly greater motor cortex activity than punishing or neutral actions, with punishing actions producing greater activity than neutral ones. In addition, the dynamic change in the mu rhythm over sensorimotor cortex is modulated by reward and punishment, with punishing actions producing a prolonged suppression. These findings demonstrate that the associated reward value of an observed action may be crucial in determining the strength of the representation of the action in the observer's brain. Consequently, reward and punishment is likely to drive observational learning through changes in the action observation network, and may also influence how we interpret, understand, engage in and empathize with others' actions in social interaction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Modulation of motor cortex activity when observing rewarding and punishing actions

et al. 2013

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“…The values and behaviors typically associated with Asian Americans include (a) collectivism or being group oriented (Gudykunst et al , 1992), (b) deference to authori ty (S ue, 1989), and (c) keeping fam ily conflicts within the family (Sue, 1989). Along with cultural values, acculturation is another salient issue in Asian…”

Section: Cultural Considerations When Counseling Asian American Menmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the lives of Asian American men: Racial identity, male role norms, gender role conflict, and prejudicial attitudes.

Liu¹

2002

Psychology of Men & Masculinity

144

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Much of the literature on masculinity has focused on the lives of White men.The literature assumed that White male experiences were ubiquitous for all men.Although some literature has begun to explore the lives of men of co lor, no empirical studies could be found that investigated the experiences of Asian American men from a racial identity perspective. Using racial identity to examine the lives of Asian American men was important since Asian American men, historically and contemporarily, encounter racism, yet no studies could be found that examined racism specificall y among Asian American men. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between racial identity, male role norms, gender role conflict, and prejudicial attitudes.323 Asian American men were surveyed from public, private, and community colleges on the East and West coast. Participants were given the People of Color Racial Identity Attitude Scale (POCRIAS , Helms, 1995), Gender Role Conflict Scale (GRCS , O'Neil et al., 1986), Male Role Norms Inventory (MRNI, Levant et al. , 1992), Quick Discrimination Index (QDI, Ponterotto et al. , 1995), and a demographic form.Results from correlations show small relationships between Conformity, Internalization, and prejudicial attitudes. Similarly, relationships between GRCS and MRN I subscale and total scores show some small to modest relationships. A two-way ANOVA showed differences in prejudicial attitudes between those who had never taken a multicultural education course and those who had taken two or more courses.Finally, two hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted. In the first regression, the GRCS total score was the criterion and the predictors were POCRIAS subscales and prej udicial attitudes. Dissonance, Immersion/Resistance, and Internalization subscales were significant predictors. In the second regression, the MRNI Traditional

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“…This evidence supports the interdependence between cultural practices, psychological structures and discourse processes. In brief, cultural variability has a major effect on social norms, roles, self-constmal, language usage, and above all, discursive styles (Gudykunst et al, 1992;Gudykunst et al, 1996, Ting-Toomey et al, 1991. The interconnections between situational factors, social cognitive processes, affect, and behaviours (e.g., habits) have an impact on the intentions and understanding of communications (Gudykunst et al, 1988).…”

Section: A Ck N O W Led G Em En Tsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research regarding intercultural differences in information seeking strategies have shown that people in high-context cultures are more cautious in initial interactions, rely more on nonverbal expressiveness, make more assumptions and ask more questions about the other's background (Baldwin & Hunt, 2002;Gudykunst et al, 1992;Gudykunst et al, 1996).…”

Section: A Ck N O W Led G Em En Tsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, people from low-context cultures are more open and self-disclosed, rely more on verbal messages and are more likely to use direct interrogation in initial social interactions (Baldwin & Hunt, 2002;Gudykunst et al, 1988;Gudykunst et al, 1992;Gudykunst et al, 1996;Gudykunst & Nishida, 1984). It has also been found that cultural dissimilarity among conversational partners leads to increased interrogation (including background interrogation), self disclosure, and nonverbal affiliative expressiveness, produced perhaps by the novelty in the communication, higher ambiguity, and lower attributional confidence (Baldwin & Hunt, 2002;Gudykunst et al, 1992;Gudykunst & Nishida, 1984).…”

Section: A Ck N O W Led G Em En Tsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Grounding in intercultural communication.

Rodriguez¹

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The Influence of Individualism Collectivism, Self-Monitoring, and Predicted-Outcome Value on Communication in Ingroup and Outgroup Relationships

Cited by 123 publications

References 21 publications

Modulation of motor cortex activity when observing rewarding and punishing actions

Modulation of motor cortex activity when observing rewarding and punishing actions

Exploring the lives of Asian American men: Racial identity, male role norms, gender role conflict, and prejudicial attitudes.

Grounding in intercultural communication.

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