The influence of impact surface on head kinematics and brain tissue response during impacts with equestrian helmets

Clark, J. Michio; Connor, Thomas A.; Post, Andrew; Hoshizaki, T. Blaine; Gilchrist, Michael D.

doi:10.1080/14763141.2019.1599062

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…This could be due to the fact that at higher inbound velocity, the force generated by the ball impact compresses the padded foam fully, thereby making the presence of the headgear nearly ineffectual. journal.ump.edu.my/ijame ◄ The head rotation has been considered to produce more brain response than translational (linear) component, thereby is more harmful to the brain [27], [31], [32]. Therefore, in addition to HIC, we have also calculated the rotational injury criterion (RIC), which is derived mainly from the angular accelerations of the head.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Wearing Soccer Headgear on the Head Response in Soccer Heading

Tan

Hassan

Johari

et al. 2022

Int. J. Automot. Mech. Eng.

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Soccer is regarded as the most popular sport in the world, with millions of people actively involved in the game. Being a contact sport in nature, soccer players are susceptible to various kinds of injuries, such as lower extremities muscle injury. In addition to those familiar injuries that soccer players sustain during the game, traumatic brain injury is also a possibility. Head impacts in soccer could be a result of head-to-head impact with an opponent player, a head-to-elbow impact, an impact with the goal post, an impact with the ground, as well as an impact with the soccer ball, which occurs during a heading manoeuvre. Soccer allows the players to use their heads to hit the ball to pass it to a teammate or even perform heading to score a goal. Although soccer heading is perceived as less harmful as compared to head impacts with other hard objects, many studies have shown compelling evidence that this repetitive heading might harm the brain, thereby leading to traumatic brain injury. Protective headgears designed especially for soccer players have been commercially available in the market for some years. However, the effectiveness of these headgears in reducing the impact due to soccer heading has not been well studied. This paper investigates the effectiveness of two commercially available headgears, the Full90 and the ForceField headgear by means of a heading experiment. An anthropometric test device known as Hybrid III head and neck dummy instrumented with an inertial sensor that consists of a triaxial accelerometer and gyroscope installed at the centre of gravity of the head was used in the experiment. A soccer ball launching machine was used to propel the ball at several inbound velocities. Peak linear acceleration (PLA) and peak angular acceleration (PRA) were recorded, and the head injury criterion (HIC) and the rotational injury criterion (RIC) were calculated. It was found that both headgears failed to reduce the linear components of head acceleration but instead increased the HIC (13 – 66% increment) depending on the inbound ball velocity. With respect to the rotational component of head injury, the Full90 headgear was found to reduce the RIC up to 29%, but the ForceField failed to provide a significant reduction of RIC. Overall, both headgears were found to be ineffective in reducing linear and rotational components of head injury, which could be attributed to the headgear design. Improved headgear design and an improved padded foam are needed to protect soccer player’s brain while performing soccer heading.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Wearing Soccer Headgear on the Head Response in Soccer Heading

Tan

Hassan

Johari

et al. 2022

Int. J. Automot. Mech. Eng.

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“…Attempts have also been made to develop more biofidelic headforms [192,193]. Neckforms [145,153,167,170,179,222,223,239,[246][247][248][249], including biofidelic ones [95,143,146,156,218,238,[250][251][252][253][254], are sometimes attached to headforms to achieve more realistic post-impact behaviour.…”

Section: Helmet Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical metamaterials for sports helmets: structural mechanics, design optimisation, and performance

Haid,

Foster,

Hart

et al. 2023

Smart Mater. Struct.

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Sports concussions are a public health concern. Improving helmet performance to reduce concussion risk is a key part of the research and development community response. Head impacts with compliant surfaces that cause long duration moderate or high linear and rotational accelerations are associated with a high rate of clinical diagnoses of concussion. As engineered structures with unusual combinations of properties, mechanical metamaterials are being applied to sports helmets, with the goal of improving impact performance and reducing brain injury risk. Replacing established helmet material (i.e., foam) selection with a metamaterials design approach (structuring material to obtain desired properties) allows development of near optimal properties. Objective functions based on up to date understanding of concussion could be applied to topology optimisation regimes, when designing mechanical metamaterials for helmets. Such regimes balance computational efficiency with predictive accuracy, both of which could be improved under high strains and strain rates to allow helmet modifications as knowledge of concussion develops. Researchers could also share mechanical metamaterial data, topologies and computational models in open, homogenised repositories, to improve the efficiency of their development.

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“…Any impact that had the initial contact from the shoulder, hip, or head, and was also impacted by any other body part, was excluded. Following the application of this exclusion criteria, a sample of twenty-seven (27) concussive impact videos remained to be reconstructed: (1) hip-to-head (n = 7), (2) head-to-head (n = 9), and (3) shoulder-to-head impacts (n = 11). In order to obtain reconstruction parameters, such as location and velocity of impact, the high quality concussion impact videos from Australia's National Rugby League (www.nrl.com) were analyzed using Kinovea 0.8.20 video analysis software.…”

Section: Event Identification and Video Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…25 Conducting physical accident reconstruction allows researchers to describe how concussive injuries occur and compare common head injury events within a sport. 12,13,26,27 This reconstruction involves video analysis of diagnosed concussion events to obtain a detailed description of the injury, including velocity, location and orientation of impact, and injury event categorization. Reconstructing concussive events sustained in rugby league collisions using physical and finite element surrogates provides information regarding head dynamic response and brain tissue deformation, allowing comparison of linear and rotational acceleration and MPS across injury events.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of dynamic response and maximum principal strain of diagnosed concussion in professional men’s rugby league

Ignacy

Post

Gardner

et al. 2021

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P:

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Rugby league has been identified as a contact sport with a high incidence of concussion. Research has been conducted to describe incidence and mechanisms of concussion in rugby league, however the risks associated with injury events (shoulder, hip, head to head) are unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe the common injury events leading to concussion in the National Rugby League and compare these events through analysis of dynamic response and brain tissue deformation. Twenty-seven impact videos of concussive injuries were physically reconstructed to obtain linear and rotational accelerations of the head. Dynamic response data were input into the University College Dublin Brain Trauma Model (UCDBTM) to calculate maximum principal strain (MPS). Head-to-head events produced a short duration event with an average peak linear and peak rotational acceleration of 205 g and 15,890 rad/s2, respectively, which were significantly greater than the longer duration hip-to-head (24.7 g and 2650 rad/s2) and shoulder-to-head (24.2 g and 3280 rad/s2) impacts. There were no differences in MPS between events. These results suggest that risk of strain to the brain may be produced by short and long duration acceleration events. Thus, both of these accelerations need to be accounted for in the development of improved head and body protection in rugby. In addition, this data demonstrates that these events cause a risk of concussion requiring efforts to limit or modify how energy is transferred to the head.

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The influence of impact surface on head kinematics and brain tissue response during impacts with equestrian helmets

Cited by 6 publications

References 50 publications

The Effect of Wearing Soccer Headgear on the Head Response in Soccer Heading

The Effect of Wearing Soccer Headgear on the Head Response in Soccer Heading

Mechanical metamaterials for sports helmets: structural mechanics, design optimisation, and performance

Comparison of dynamic response and maximum principal strain of diagnosed concussion in professional men’s rugby league

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