THE INFLUENCE OF HYPERPNEA AND OF VARIATIONS OF O2- AND CO2-TENSION IN THE INSPIRED AIR UPON HEARING

Gellhorn, E.; Spiesman, Irwin G.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1935.112.3.519

Cited by 33 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…In published clinical studies of CO 2 administered at concentrations ranging from 2 % to 14 % over 2.5 minutes to 90 minutes, observed side effects, including neurological symptoms, were mostly mild but could become severe with prolonged administration of over 10 minutes of approximately 8 % CO 2 or more. Overall, AEs become apparent with inhalation of >5 % CO 2 for 4–35 minutes [ 14 , 31 , 32 ]. Symptoms most commonly reported were dyspnea, headaches, sweating, and dizziness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A phase I, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, single ascending dose-ranging study to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a novel biophysical bronchodilator (S-1226) administered by nebulization in healthy volunteers

Green

Leigh

Fadayomi

et al. 2016

Trials

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BackgroundA major challenge in treating acute asthma exacerbations is the need to open constricted airways rapidly enough to reestablish ventilation and allow delivery of conventional medication to diseased airways. The solution requires a new approach that considers both biophysical and pharmacological aspects of treatments used in acute asthma. The result of testing several formulations was S-1226: carbon dioxide-enriched air delivered in nebulized perflubron, a synthetic surfactant. These agents act synergistically to rapidly reopen closed airways within seconds. The bronchodilator effect is independent of β-adrenergic and cholinergic mediated-signaling pathways, offering a unique mechanism of action. S-1226 has a low toxicity profile and was effective in treating bronchoconstriction in animal models of asthma. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of S-1226 in healthy human subjects.MethodsThe phase I study was a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, sequential, single-ascending-dose study conducted in Canada. Thirty-six subjects were distributed into three cohorts. Within each cohort, subjects were randomized to receive a single dose of S-1226 or a matching placebo administered over a 2-minute nebulization period. S-1226 was formulated with perflubron and 4 %, 8 %, or 12 % CO2. The dose of CO2 was sequentially escalated by cohort. The safety and tolerability of S-1226 were evaluated through assessment of adverse events, vital signs, 12-lead electrocardiograms, clinical laboratory parameters, and physical examinations.ResultsS-1226 was safe and well tolerated at all three CO2 levels (4 %, 8 %, and 12 %). A total of 28 adverse events were reported, and all were judged mild in severity. Twenty-four adverse events occurred in the S-1226 cohort, of which five were considered remotely related and six possibly related to S-1226.ConclusionsS-1226 is a novel drug being developed for the treatment of acute asthma exacerbations. It consists of CO2-enriched air and perflubron and has potential to offer rapid and potent bronchodilation. The results of the study indicate that S-1226 is safe and well tolerated. All adverse events were mild, reversible, and likely due to known side effects of CO2 inhalation.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02616770. Registered on 25 November 2015.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1489-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A phase I, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, single ascending dose-ranging study to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a novel biophysical bronchodilator (S-1226) administered by nebulization in healthy volunteers

Green

Leigh

Fadayomi

et al. 2016

Trials

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“…A number of observations on the effects of anoxia seem to justify the interpretation that the changes are involved in the nervous mechanism of sensation itself. Gellhorn and Spiesman (14) found that oxygen lack (10 per cent oxygen or less), using a Douglas bag, significantly decreased the auditory threshold.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Under controlled conditions Creed and Granit (7) and Shuey (34) showed that the afterimage appeared with a distinct and easily measurable latent period. In acute experiments at sea level Gellhorn and Spiesman (14) have recently demonstrated that following oxygen lack (9 to 11 per cent oxygen), carbon dioxide excess (4 to 7 per cent), and voluntary hyperpnea (3 to 5 minutes at a rate of 35 or more per minute) there was a lengthening of the latent period of negative after-images or even complete absence of any after-The procedure was as follows: Following a 3-minute period with the eyes closed the subject was asked to fixate on a stimulus (2 inch yellow square on a blue background) for 15 seconds. The eyes were then closed and the subject indicated (a) the time when the negative after-image first appeared, (&) the time when it disappeared, (c) the appearance of the second after-discharge, and (d) the disappearance of the second image.…”

Section: Negative Aftek-imagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the causes of diplopia (double vision) may be due to a lack of balance between opposing groups of ocular muscles, a condition known as hetero-phoria. Hetero-phoria may be of the type called Exophoria-a tendency to deviate outward; Esophoria-a tendency to deviate inward, and Hyperphoria-a tendency to deviate up-wardJjfln acute anoxemia experiments at sea level Wilmer and Berens (41) 14 The procedure of giving the test was as follows: a pair ofj3 diopter prisms and a pair of 5 diopter prisms were mounted respectively, base up and base down and set in a hand frame. The subject fixated on a distant chart (calibrated for 6 meters in units of 1 prism diopter) with the 3 diopter prisms and on a near chart (calibrated for 40 cm.…”

Section: Phoria Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psycho-physiological studies at high altitude in the Andes. II. Sensory and motor responses during acclimatization.

McFarland¹

1937

Journal of Comparative Psychology

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Reports of the physiological studies at high altitude by Mosso (29), Durig (11), Zuntz (44), Loewy (24), Barcroft (1), and Haldane (17,9) have frequently referred to the psychological changes related to the reduced oxygen pressure. However, only a few fragmentary studies have been made particularly above 15,000 feet, where the physiological changes become most apparent in acclimatized subjects and where one might expect to find significant alterations in psychological functions. During the International High Altitude Expedition to Chile (1935) an opportunity was afforded of following the psychological alterations in the 10 members of the Expedition at altitudes as high as 20,140 feet during gradual acclimatization over several months, as well as in the native Andean residents (20,27).Studies made under relatively acute conditions at sea level with rebreathing devices and in chambers as well as during rapid ascents by aeroplane or train cannot be substituted for observations made during and after true acclimatization. In the former the physiological imbalance may be so acute that the physical discomforts and the loss of capacity to concentrate or "attend" may account for the poorer responses as much as the lowered oxygen tension in the nervous tissue. In the acclimatized subject more precise measurements are possible and also momentary PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES AT HIGH ALTITUDE 229quent below 13,000 to 15,000 feet. If sensory disturbances occur in physically fit subjects at such heights the impairment is usually associated with the fatigue of climbing, exposure to cold or wind, etc., or with acute disturbances of the sympathetic nervous system during or following a sudden ascent. This is especially true in the Alps, Andes, or Rocky Mountains where the terrain facilitates rapid ascents. Several members of Bancroft's party (1), for example, reported disturbances of the special senses at Cerro de Pasco (14,500 feet) following a sudden ascent by train in 8 hours. After a few days, however, these symptoms passed away in those who were able to acclimatize.In the Himalayas where the ascent is necessarily gradual, mountaineers have not mentioned alterations in sensory functions until in the neighborhood of 17,000 feet or higher. The reports of various expeditions to the Himalayas, however, especially Mt. Everest, indicate that alterations in sensory functions occur at 17,000 to 18,000 feet and above, even following prolonged adaptation. In the Mt. Everest Expedition of 1924, Hingston (19), the medical officer, reports that two members of the Expedition noticed an impairment in the sense of taste at 19,000 feet which was restored on descending to the base camp at 16,500 feet. Visual disturbances were common at altitudes above 23,000 to 25,000 feet. During the Dyhrenfurth Himalayan Expedition in 1932, at an altitude of 16,500 feet, Eichter noted alterations in taste and audition (cf. 24). Monge (28) has observed a variety of disorders of the sense organs in the permanent residents of the high plateaus of South America w...

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“…Introduction to a centralization of 6 percent carbon dioxide can create and visual aggravations inside 1 to 2 minutes [9]. Intense exposures (minutes) to 6 percent carbon dioxide influenced vision by diminishing visual power separation in 1 to 2 minutes and brought about 3 to 8 percent diminish in hearing [8].…”

Section: Harmful Effects Of Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of CO 2 Emission on Health & Environment: Evidence from fuel ssources in Pakistani Industry

Abdullah¹

2016

Pakistan Journal of Engineering, Technology & Science

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Climate change, resulting from an increasing concentration of Gases (CO2, SO2 and NO2) in the atmosphere caused by the use of fossil fuels in the industry, is now an established phenomenon and its effects on health have been observed in most parts of the world including Pakistan. The environmental concerns of Pakistan are associated with the adverse impact of expansion in population, change in the living norms of individuals, modern advancement and construction of house schemes, increment in transportation, no public awareness of environmental related education, mismanagement of natural resources, widely unplanned urban and industrial expansions are the core hard issues. Studies of air and water have revealed an alarming air quality especially in most urban and industrial areas and also serious deterioration of surface and ground water quality was identified. The reason for this degradation is emission of CO2 from the industrial sector. This investigation is to identify the contribution in fuel sources like solid, liquid and gas in the industries with overall emission of CO2 in the atmosphere and its impact on human health

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THE INFLUENCE OF HYPERPNEA AND OF VARIATIONS OF O₂- AND CO₂-TENSION IN THE INSPIRED AIR UPON HEARING

Cited by 33 publications

References 0 publications

A phase I, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, single ascending dose-ranging study to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a novel biophysical bronchodilator (S-1226) administered by nebulization in healthy volunteers

A phase I, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, single ascending dose-ranging study to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a novel biophysical bronchodilator (S-1226) administered by nebulization in healthy volunteers

Psycho-physiological studies at high altitude in the Andes. II. Sensory and motor responses during acclimatization.

Effects of CO 2 Emission on Health & Environment: Evidence from fuel ssources in Pakistani Industry

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