The Influence of HPV16, Smoking and Coitarche in the Development of Cervical Dysplasia in the Stage where Conization is the Treatment of Choice

Abstract

The high incidence of premalignant lesions of the cervix in our country and worldwide was the primary aim for conducting this study so as to establish whether HPV16, smoking and coitarche (first intercourse) are significant factors in the developmental stages of cervical dysplasia in the case of which the conization is a surgical treatment of choice.In the period of three years, one hundred and thirty-six women from the Republic of Macedonia with histologically confirmed CIN were examined as well as 50 control cases with normal cytology and colposcopic findings. The aforesaid epidemiologic factors examined in this study were obtained through special questionnaires. The resulting material was statistically processed to determine whether these factors are risk factors for development of higher stages of cervical dysplasia.The obtained statistical analysis showed that HPV16, smoking and coitarche under the age of 18 are very important factors in the development of higher stages of CIN where conization is indicated as a treatment of choice.Our study demonstrated that coitarche under the age of 18, smoking and infection with HPV16 as the most common high risk HPV in our country are the most important factors in causing and development of high grade CIN, where conization is necessary as a treatment of choice. Thus, socially-based organized screening can be of great benefit in early diagnosis and adequate treatment of this highly prevalent disease.

Relative frequency of human papillomavirus genotypes and related sociodemographic characteristics in women referred to a general hospital in Tehran, 2014- 2015: A cross-sectional study

“…In study was performed in the northeast region of India HPV16 was the more prevalent type among head and neck cancer patients who had tobacco chewing habit ( 42 ). Studies have shown HPV 16 infection and use of cigarette were two significant factor, which can enhance the development of cervical cancer ( 43 , 44 ). It should be noted that in Iran, smoking is not common among women.…”

Is smoking an independent risk factor for developing cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Three cross-sectional studies had a different study objective than examining the relationship between smoking and CIN [23][24][25]. Nine case-control studies included between 186 and 4,522 respondents [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. Two longitudinal studies with 150 and 1,485 respondents [35,36] and a large prospective cohort study with 308,036 respondents were included [37].…”

“…Our review focused on the relationship between smoking and the development of CIN and cervical cancer, but several studies also described dose-response relationships. Most of these studies found an increased risk of CIN(+) when the length of the period that women smoked, the number of pack-years, or the number of cigarettes per day increased [20,26,34,36,37,54,56,63,64]. Only one study reported a nonsignificant increased risk of CIN when the number of cigarettes per day increased [32].…”