“…This process can lead to changes in the surface topography, such as the formation of re-solidified regions, which may exhibit different morphological features compared to the original surface; Surface Roughness Modification: Laser annealing can also influence the surface roughness of a material. The energy delivered by the laser can cause material ablation, vaporization, or rearrangement, leading to the smoothing or roughening of the surface [6]. The laser energy density, pulse duration, and repetition rate are crucial parameters that determine the extent of roughness modification; Surface Crystallization: In some cases, laser annealing can induce the recrystallization of the material's surface occurs when the laser energy is sufficient to heat the material above its recrystallization temperature, allowing the atoms or molecules to rearrange into a more ordered crystal structure.…”