The Influence of Grammatical Function on the Incidence of Stuttering

Disfluency in Tourette Syndrome: Observational Study in Three Cases

“…Moreover, the few disfluencies characteristic of stuttering that were produced did not always follow the distributional tendencies typically seen in stuttering either. It is well known that in developmental stutterers stuttering tends to occur on longer words rather than on shorter words, and more on lexical words than on function words, and the locus of stuttering is predominantly at the beginning of a sentence rather than at the end [34][35][36]. S2 and S3 demonstrated more disfluencies on longer words than on shorter words and more on lexical words than on function words, but not to a significant degree.…”

Hesitation Phenomena in English Speech: A Study in Distribution

“…Brown (1937Brown ( , 1945 attempted to compare the frequency of stuttering (holding the phonemes constant) on articles and nouns with other grammatical forms. His comparisons suggest that at least for articles and nouns, grammatical influence independent of phonemic influence may be present.…”

Stuttering and lexical category in adult Arabic speakers

“…That is, word type is one of many linguistic and motor factors that may interact in the production of speech and influence the content-function word dichotomy. Some of these confounding language variables that have been identified to explain this dichotomy include word stress, word familiarity, word length, initial consonant, position in word or sentence, motor demands, propositionality, 'meaningfulness', and information load (Brown, 1937;Hahn, 1942;Quarrington, Conway, and Siegel, 1962;Taylor, 1966;Soderberg, 1967;Wingate, 1979;Dayalu et al, 2002). Dayalu et al (2002) investigated whether AWS would show a differential pattern of disfluency on content or function words when some of these linguistic factors were controlled.…”

“…Over six decades ago, researchers identified several linguistic variables that may influence rate of disfluency in adults who stutter (AWS), such as type of consonant, position of the sound in a word, syllable stress, contextual speech, length of a word (i.e. number of syllables) and position in the sentence, and grammatical class of the word (Brown, 1937;1945;Hahn, 1942;Taylor, 1966). Grammatically, words class can be organized into one of two categories: content words or function words.…”