The Influence of Gaze Control on Visual Perception: Eye Movements and Visual Stability

Krock, Rebecca; Moore, Tirin

doi:10.1101/sqb.2014.79.024836

Cited by 20 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(79 reference statements)

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“…Changes in the visual stimuli that occur within a short temporal interval around saccades go unnoticed due to saccadic suppression. Saccadic suppression is manifested in various forms, such as elevated contrast thresholds or the failure to detect small displacements that could easily be detected during fixation (review: Krock and Moore, 2014). Moreover, facilitatory effects of attention can be target-specific, justifying a target-specific enhancement or equivalently, a flanker-specific inhibition mechanism (Cepeda, Cave, Bichot, & Kim, 1998; Foley & Schwarz, 1998; Somers, Dale, Seiffert, & Tootell, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unmasking saccadic uncrowding

2016

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Stimuli that are briefly presented around the time of saccades are often perceived with spatiotemporal distortions. These distortions do not always have deleterious effects on the visibility and identification of a stimulus. Recent studies reported that when a stimulus is the target of an intended saccade, it is released from both masking (De Pisapia, Kaunitz, & Melcher, 2010) and crowding (Harrison, Mattingley, & Remington, 2013). Here, we investigated pre-saccadic changes in single and crowded letter recognition performance in the absence (Experiment 1) and the presence (Experiment 2) of backward masks to determine the extent to which saccadic “uncrowding” and “unmasking” mechanisms are similar. Our results show that pre-saccadic improvements in letter recognition performance are mostly due to the presence of masks and/or stimulus transients which occur after the target is presented. More importantly, we did not find any decrease in crowding strength before impending saccades. A simplified version of a dual-channel neural model, originally proposed to explain masking phenomena, with several saccadic add-on mechanisms, could account for our results in Experiment 1. However, this model falls short in explaining how saccades drastically reduced the effect of backward masking (Experiment 2). The addition of a remapping mechanism that alters the relative spatial positions of stimuli was needed to fully account for the improvements observed when backward masks followed the letter stimuli. Taken together, our results (i) are inconsistent with saccadic uncrowding, (ii) strongly support saccadic unmasking, and (iii) suggest that pre-saccadic letter recognition is modulated by multiple perisaccadic mechanisms with different time courses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unmasking saccadic uncrowding

2016

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“…Primates, birds, cats, fish, and insects move their eyes, heads, or bodies to stabilize the gaze, shift gaze, sample the visual scene, or estimate distance using parallax motion cues [2][3][4][5][6] . Saccadic eye movements in primates are accompanied by a suppression of neural activity in visual areas, which serves to reduce blur during fast movement and produce an active sampling of the scene [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encoding of 3D Head Orienting Movements in Primary Visual Cortex

Guitchounts

Masís

Wolff

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Animals actively sample from the sensory world by generating complex patterns of movement that evolve in three dimensions. At least some of these movements have been shown to influence neural codes in sensory areas. For example, in primary visual cortex (V1), locomotion-related neural activity influences sensory gain, encodes running speed, and predicts the direction of visual flow. As most experiments exploring movement-related modulation of V1 have been performed in head-fixed animals, it remains unclear whether or how the naturalistic movements used to interact with sensory stimulilike head orienting-influence visual processing. Here we show that 3D head orienting movements modulate V1 neuronal activity in a direction-specific manner that also depends on the presence or absence of light. We identify two largely independent populations of movement-direction-tuned neurons that support this modulation, one of which is direction-tuned in the dark and the other in the light. Finally, we demonstrate that V1 gains access to a motor efference copy related to orientation from secondary motor cortex, which has been shown to control head orienting movements. These results suggest a mechanism through which sensory signals generated by purposeful movement can be distinguished from those arising in the outside world, and reveal a pervasive role of 3D movement in shaping sensory cortical dynamics.

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“…In contrast, sensitivity of Vis VGS neurons, as well as that of the overall population, began to decline ϳ80 ms before saccade onset. Human psychophysical contrast sensitivity begins to decline ϳ50 -75 ms before saccade onset (Diamond et al 2000;Knöll et al 2011;Krock and Moore 2014). The time course of sensitivity reduction has also been measured to begin ϳ50 ms before saccade onset in macaque extrastriate visual cortical areas V4, middle temporal (MT), and medial superior temporal (Bremmer et al 2009;Han et al 2009;Ibbotson and Krekelberg 2011;Ibbotson et al 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Source(s) of saccadic suppression. Neural correlates of saccadic suppression have been observed in visual responses throughout the visual and saccadic systems, but the source of suppression in these areas is not known (Bremmer et al 2009;Han et al 2009;Hass and Horwitz 2011;Krock and Moore 2014;Robinson and Wurtz 1976;Thiele et al 2002). Psychophysical and neurophysiological studies have furnished evidence for the involvement of an active, extraretinal-suppres-sive mechanism coupled to eye-movement planning, implicating the saccadic system Diamond et al 2000;Han et al 2009;Robinson and Wurtz 1976).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual sensitivity of frontal eye field neurons during the preparation of saccadic eye movements

Krock

Moore

2016

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Primate vision is continuously disrupted by saccadic eye movements, and yet this disruption goes unperceived. One mechanism thought to reduce perception of this self-generated movement is saccadic suppression, a global loss of visual sensitivity just before, during, and after saccadic eye movements. The frontal eye field (FEF) is a candidate source of neural correlates of saccadic suppression previously observed in visual cortex, because it contributes to the generation of visually guided saccades and modulates visual cortical responses. However, whether the FEF exhibits a perisaccadic reduction in visual sensitivity that could be transmitted to visual cortex is unknown. To determine whether the FEF exhibits a signature of saccadic suppression, we recorded the visual responses of FEF neurons to brief, full-field visual probe stimuli presented during fixation and before onset of saccades directed away from the receptive field in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) We measured visual sensitivity during both epochs and found that it declines before saccade onset. Visual sensitivity was significantly reduced in visual but not visuomotor neurons. This reduced sensitivity was also present in visual neurons with no movement-related modulation during visually guided saccades and thus occurred independently from movement-related activity. Across the population of visual neurons, sensitivity began declining ∼80 ms before saccade onset. We also observed a similar presaccadic reduction in sensitivity to isoluminant, chromatic stimuli. Our results demonstrate that the signaling of visual information by FEF neurons is reduced during saccade preparation, and thus these neurons exhibit a signature of saccadic suppression.

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The Influence of Gaze Control on Visual Perception: Eye Movements and Visual Stability

Cited by 20 publications

References 60 publications

Unmasking saccadic uncrowding

Unmasking saccadic uncrowding

Encoding of 3D Head Orienting Movements in Primary Visual Cortex

Visual sensitivity of frontal eye field neurons during the preparation of saccadic eye movements

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