The influence of French gymnastics and military French boxing on the creation of modern karate (1867-1914)

Abstract

The birthplace of karate is Okinawa in southern Japan. During its national integration through the military and educational action of the imperial government during the Meiji era, the basic katas ( ) or 'forms' (series of defence and attack movements in space epitomizing combat against opponents) called pinans () or the quiet way, were created by Itosu (last name ). These laid the foundations of modern karate, at the crossroads of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. France played a major role in the organisation of the Japanese army in this period. This paper analyses the extent to which France influenced this process with specific attention to the model of French gymnastics and boxing associated with the influential Joinville School of physical education.

Data Mining and Video Target Detection-Based Analysis of Martial Arts Cultural Communication and Martial Arts Athletes’ Posture

“…rough data analysis, it can be seen that the average overlap rate and average pixel error of the proposed algorithm are better than other athlete target detection and tracking algorithms [20]. erefore, the accuracy of target detection and tracking of martial arts athletes based on the algorithm in this paper is better than that of similar algorithms [21].…”