The Influence of Early Nutrition on Brain Growth and Neurodevelopment in Extremely Preterm Babies: A Narrative Review

Cormack, Barbara; Harding, Jane E; Miller, Steven P.; Bloomfield, Frank H.

doi:10.3390/nu11092029

Cited by 108 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 185 publications

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“…This further emphasizes the importance of proper nutrition early in life, and indicates that psychobiotic supplementation might be an effective approach to influence tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism and prevent atypical developmental trajectories. In conclusion, we propose that in addition to the more traditionally recognized nutrients discussed in this review, emerging nutrients such as polar lipids, high quality protein/specific amino acids, and psychobiotics, are of critical importance for normal neurodevelopment in young children (see Figure 2 , adapted from [ 215 ]).…”

Section: Nutrient Interactions Through the Gut-brain Axis (Gba)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Support of Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Function in Infants and Young Children—An Update and Novel Insights

Kadosh

Muhardi²,

Parikh³

et al. 2021

Nutrients

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Proper nutrition is crucial for normal brain and neurocognitive development. Failure to optimize neurodevelopment early in life can have profound long-term implications for both mental health and quality of life. Although the first 1000 days of life represent the most critical period of neurodevelopment, the central and peripheral nervous systems continue to develop and change throughout life. All this time, development and functioning depend on many factors, including adequate nutrition. In this review, we outline the role of nutrients in cognitive, emotional, and neural development in infants and young children with special attention to the emerging roles of polar lipids and high quality (available) protein. Furthermore, we discuss the dynamic nature of the gut-brain axis and the importance of microbial diversity in relation to a variety of outcomes, including brain maturation/function and behavior are discussed. Finally, the promising therapeutic potential of psychobiotics to modify gut microbial ecology in order to improve mental well-being is presented. Here, we show that the individual contribution of nutrients, their interaction with other micro- and macronutrients and the way in which they are organized in the food matrix are of crucial importance for normal neurocognitive development.

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Section: Nutrient Interactions Through the Gut-brain Axis (Gba)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Support of Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Function in Infants and Young Children—An Update and Novel Insights

Kadosh

Muhardi²,

Parikh³

et al. 2021

Nutrients

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show abstract

“…Given the impact of poor growth and subsequent accelerated growth on later health outcomes in infants born preterm [11][12][13], it is pertinent to gain insight into factors influencing early postnatal growth, in order to obtain potential interventions to avert later adverse outcomes. In this light, the association between nutrition and IGF-1 is of particular interest, because nutrition is a factor which lends itself well for intervention and could lead to changes in clinical practice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Course Of IGF-1 Levels and Nutrient Intake in Extremely and Very Preterm Infants During Hospitalisation

2020

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Background: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) plays an important role in the complex association between nutrition, growth, and maturation in extremely and very preterm infants. Nevertheless, in this population, research on associations between IGF-1 and nutrition is limited. Therefore this study aimed to evaluate the possible associations between the course of IGF-1 levels and nutrient intake between preterm birth and 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA). Methods: 87 infants born between 24 and 32 weeks gestational age were followed up to 36 weeks PMA. Actual daily macronutrient intake was calculated, and growth was assessed weekly. IGF-1 was sampled from umbilical cord blood at birth and every other week thereafter. Results: There was an inverse relationship between the amount of parenteral nutrition in the second week of life and IGF-1. Total protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake, as well as total energy intake, primarily showed a positive association with IGF-1 levels, particularly between 30 and 33 weeks PMA. Gestational age, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and weight were significant confounders in the association between nutrient intake and IGF-1 levels. Conclusion: Parenteral nutrition was found to be a negative predictor of IGF-1 levels, and there could potentially be a time frame in which macronutrient intake is unable to impact IGF-1 levels. Future research should aim to narrow down this time frame and to gain more insight into factors enhancing or decreasing the response of IGF-1 to nutrition, e.g., age and inflammatory state, to align nutritional interventions accordingly.

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“…Optimizing early nutrition is a priority in preterm infants, as suboptimal nutrient intake in the first few weeks of life is associated with adverse effects on long-term growth and neurodevelopment [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Early introduction of feeding is an important strategy in this context, especially in extremely preterm (EP) infants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition of Coloured Gastric Residuals in Extremely Preterm Infants-A Nested Prospective Observational Study

et al. 2020

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Green gastric residuals (GR) are often considered as a sign of feed intolerance and discarded in preterm infants. Probiotics are known to enhance feed tolerance in preterm infants. To assess the composition (primary outcome) and volume of discarded green GRs, and feeding outcomes in extremely preterm (EP) infants in a probiotic trial, composition of pale and dark green GRs in the first two weeks of life from EP infants (<28 weeks) in a randomized controlled trial (RCT: SiMPro) of single vs. three-strain probiotics was assessed. Feeding outcomes included time to full feeds (TFF: 150 mL/kg/day) and duration of parenteral nutrition (PN). EP infants given placebo in our previous probiotic RCT served as the reference group. Analysis involved linear regression modelling with clustered standard errors for repeated measurements. GRs of 74/103 from 39 SiMPro infants (18: single-strain, 21: three-strain) were analyzed. Bile acid content was higher but statistically insignificant (825.79 vs. 338.1 µmol/L; p = 0.12) in dark vs. pale green GRs. Mean (95% confidence interval) fat, nitrogen, and carbohydrate loss in GRs over the study period was 0.02 g (0.01–0.03), 0.011 g (0.009–0.013), and 0.05 g (0.04–0.06), respectively. Overall, SiMPro infants had shorter median TFF (10 vs. 14 days, p = 0.02) and duration of PN (10 vs. 16 days, p = 0.022) compared with control group infants. Z scores for growth parameters at discharge were comparable. Discarding dark green GRs meant higher loss of bile acids during early enteral nutrition in EP infants. Probiotic supplementation was associated with reduced TFF and duration of PN.

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The Influence of Early Nutrition on Brain Growth and Neurodevelopment in Extremely Preterm Babies: A Narrative Review

Cited by 108 publications

References 185 publications

Nutritional Support of Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Function in Infants and Young Children—An Update and Novel Insights

Nutritional Support of Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Function in Infants and Young Children—An Update and Novel Insights

The Course Of IGF-1 Levels and Nutrient Intake in Extremely and Very Preterm Infants During Hospitalisation

Composition of Coloured Gastric Residuals in Extremely Preterm Infants-A Nested Prospective Observational Study

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