The influence of Climate Change on the fate and behavior of different carbon nanotubes materials and implication to estuarine invertebrates

Abstract

Please cite this article as: L. De Marchi, V. Neto, C. Pretti, et al., The influence of climate change on the fate and behavior of different carbon nanotubes materials and implication to estuarine invertebrates, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C, https://doi. AbstarctThe widespread use of Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been increasing exponentially, leading to a significant potential release into the environment. Nevertheless, the toxic effects of CNTs in natural aquatic systems are related to their ability to interact with abiotic compounds. Considering that salinity variations are one of the main challenges in the environment and thus may influence the behavior and toxicity of CNTs, a laboratory experiment was performed exposing the tube-building polychaete Diopatra neapolitana (Delle Chiaje 1841) for 28 days to pristine multi-walled carbon nanotube MWCNTs and carboxylated MWCNTs, maintained at control salinity 28 and low salinity 21. An innovative approach based on thermogravimetric analysis was adopted for the first time to assess the presence of MWCNTs aggregates in the organisms Both CNTs generated toxic impacts in terms of regenerative capacity, energy reserves and metabolic capacity as well as oxidative and neuro status, however greater toxic impacts were observed in polychaetes exposed to carboxylated MWCNTs. Moreover, both CNTs maintained under control salinity (28) generated higher toxic impacts in the polychaetes compared to individuals maintained under low salinity (21), indicating that exposed polychaetes tend to be more sensitive to the alteration induced by salinity variations on the chemical behavior of both MWCNTs in comparison to salt stress.

Does salinity variation increase synergistic effects of triclosan and carbon nanotubes on Mytilus galloprovincialis? Responses on adult tissues and sperms

“…These results evidence once again the high stress level generated by the combination of both pollutants that limited the increase of GSTs activity at this condition. In invertebrates these enzymes can be induced by certain xenobiotics such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polycyclic biphenyls (PCBs) (Pinkus et al, 1993;Williams et al, 1998) NPs and TCS (Canesi et al, 2007;Ciacci et al, 2012;Garaud et al, 2014;Minetto et al, 2014;Cid et al, 2015;Goodchild et al, 2016;Park et al, 2017;De Marchi et al, 2018;2019b), increasing as a function of the concentration of these xenobiotics in seawater (Stien et al, 1998;Boutet et al, 2004). This suggests that these contaminants may represent a substrate for phase II enzymes (Canesi et al, 2007) independently if the contamination can be generated by the action of single compound or by the combination of more.…”

“…As most recent literature shows, the predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) of CNTs were projected to be 0.05-5 mg/kg in biosolids (Keller and Lazareva, 2014) and 0.001-1000 μg/L in aquatic environment (Keller and Lazareva, 2014;Zhang et al, 2017), already showing toxic effects in exposed organisms depending on their physical and chemical characteristics (size, shape, surface area), diffusion capacity, aggregation/agglomeration properties in suspension, functionalization and their interactions with surrounding environments (Handy et al, 2012;He et al, 2014). Available literature already demonstrated the interaction between CNTs and cells which include cellular uptake, effects on cell signalling, membrane perturbations (De Marchi et al, 2018, 2019b, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cell apoptosis (Zhao et al, 2012).…”