The Influence of Certain Accessory Factors on Frost Injury to Forest Trees 1

Day, W. R.; Peace, T. R.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.forestry.a062666

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This could explain why the veins usually extend for only short distances tangentially. According to Day and Peace (1934) lack of water can also cause abnormal growth of a type similar to that of a frost ring. However, since false growth rings were not found in the sterns, as might be expected due to the occurrence of drought, we think it more likely that the veins were caused by freezing of the vascular cambium.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood Anatomy of Actinostrobus (Cupressaceae)

Heady¹,

Evans²

2005

IAWA J

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The wood anatomy of the Western Australian species Actinostrobus arenarius (Cupressaceae) is described for the first time and its features are compared with those of the two other species in the genus: A. acuminatus and A. pyramidalis. Mature heartwood in A. arenarius is light-brown in colour and has an air-dry density of 0.56 g/cm3. Average tracheid length is 4.3 mm. A very prominent warty layer, with individual warts commonly greater than one micron in height and large enough to be visible to light microscopy, lines the inner walls of tracheids. Callitroid thickening is commonly present in narrow (latewood) tracheids, but is absent from wide ones (earlywood). Axial parenchyma cells with dark-red resinous inc1usions are tangentially zonate in earlywood. Bordered pitting in earlywood and latewood is uniseriate. Pit borders are circular and there is a raised torus. Average ray height is low. Cross-field pitting is cupressoid and the number of pits per cross field ranges from two to five, with a mean of 3.1. Average ray heights, ray frequencies, ray volumes, and numbers of pits present in cross fields are higher in A. arenarius than in A. pyramidalis, thus supporting the classification of A. arenarius as aseparate species within Actinostrobus. Veins of distorted xylem cells, similar in appearance to 'frost rings' occur sporadically in the sterns of a11 three species. If such rings are confined to Actinostrobus, then the combination of a very prominent warty layer, and the common occurrence of frost rings could provide a means of separating Actinostrobus from Callitris. Validation of this scheme requires further research to determine if such rings commonly occur in Callitris.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood Anatomy of Actinostrobus (Cupressaceae)

Heady¹,

Evans²

2005

IAWA J

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Frost duration, ranging between 0 and 24 h, had a skewed distribution, with a majority of frosts having a duration below 12 h (58.3-90.1%) in the four Iranian sites. Damage increases linearly with exposure time [101] between 2 and 8 h of exposure time, while the difference between lower exposure times was much higher, possibly non-linear [104].…”

Section: Frost Exposure Timementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to these non-linear effects of increased time in short duration frost events of less than one hour [104], higher levels of control and accuracy have to be used to ensure uniform conditions across the different tested samples, as slight differences in exposure duration can cause large differences in effect. Additionally, in addition to the more complicated setup, the duration of the frosts seems to span a wide range.…”

Section: Frost Exposure Timementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, in addition to the more complicated setup, the duration of the frosts seems to span a wide range. Thus, researchers that wish to estimate the effects of frosts in the field should use frost duration times between 1 and 12 h, 0-12 h being the most frequent [103] type of frost in nature, and should avoid durations below 1 h due to the non-linear effects [104]. Frost durations of 1-4 h cause similar levels of damage, with less damage below 1 h [104].…”

Section: Frost Exposure Timementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, researchers that wish to estimate the effects of frosts in the field should use frost duration times between 1 and 12 h, 0-12 h being the most frequent [103] type of frost in nature, and should avoid durations below 1 h due to the non-linear effects [104]. Frost durations of 1-4 h cause similar levels of damage, with less damage below 1 h [104]. If duration in the site where the tested plant would be planted is known, that duration should be used.…”

Section: Frost Exposure Timementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Methods for Measuring Frost Tolerance of Conifers: A Systematic Map

Zamkova

Steele

Smith

2021

Forests

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Frost tolerance is the ability of plants to withstand freezing temperatures without unrecoverable damage. Measuring frost tolerance involves various steps, each of which will vary depending on the objectives of the study. This systematic map takes an overall view of the literature that uses frost tolerance measuring techniques in gymnosperms, focusing mainly on conifers. Many different techniques have been used for testing, and there has been little change in methodology since 2000. The gold standard remains the field observation study, which, due to its cost, is frequently substituted by other techniques. Closed enclosure freezing tests (all non-field freezing tests) are done using various types of equipment for inducing artificial freezing. An examination of the literature indicates that several factors have to be controlled in order to measure frost tolerance in a manner similar to observation in a field study. Equipment that allows controlling the freezing rate, frost exposure time and thawing rate would obtain results closer to field studies. Other important factors in study design are the number of test temperatures used, the range of temperatures selected and the decrements between the temperatures, which should be selected based on expected frost tolerance of the tissue and species.

show abstract

Local climate and the growth of trees with special reference to frost

Day¹,

Walker²

1939

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYThe type of forest is largely determined by the general climate, but local climatic conditions exercise considerable influence.The natural forest in this country is composed of species, some of which are relatively hardy to frost, whereas others are, in comparison, easily injured by it. The latter species usually form the final woodland, and their successful growth is made possible by the development of favourable conditions of climate and soil within woodland formed first of all by hardy species.Examples are given to illustrate the effect of overhead and side shelter on the temperature of the air over the ground. The influence of topography on frost is also illustrated and discussed.The effect of accessory factors, such as soil fertility, local warm or cold situations, and the general suitability of the exotic species to the climate to which they are introduced are also shortly discussed in relation to the occurrence of frost injury.LOCAL CLIMATE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORESTS It is generally recognised that the type of land vegetation is largely dependent on climatic conditions. Thus trees form the dominant vegetation in the more moist climates provided temperature is sufficiently high and winds are not too strong. The type of forest is dependent chiefly on the amount and distribution of the rainfall or other precipitation and the length and warmth of the growing season. As temperature or precipitation become insufficient the forest disappears and other vegetation types occur, e.g., tundra or grassland. Such changes in type of vegetation may be seen on crossing any of the continents, and they are sufficiently definite to denote, roughly, different climatic zones (Miller, 193 .1, p 58). Information as to the structure of plant communities In different climatic vegetation types is given in works on plant geography, such as that of Schimper (1903). Much information on the relation between the distribution of European forest trees and climate is given by Rubner (1934).One recognises, thus, that a forest of a particular type occurs within a certain climatic region, as, for example, the oak-beech forest in Europe. A closer examination shows, however, that the constitution of this forest, or perhaps its very existence a t any particular point, is determined by local conditions in which climatic factors are

show abstract

The Influence of Certain Accessory Factors on Frost Injury to Forest Trees 1

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Wood Anatomy of Actinostrobus (Cupressaceae)

Wood Anatomy of Actinostrobus (Cupressaceae)

Methods for Measuring Frost Tolerance of Conifers: A Systematic Map

Local climate and the growth of trees with special reference to frost

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About