The influence of cardiorespiratory fitness on clustered cardiovascular disease risk factors and the mediator role of body mass index in youth: The UP&amp;DOWN Study

Pérez‐Bey, Alejandro; Segura‐Jiménez, Víctor; Fernández-Santos, J.D.R.; Esteban‐Cornejo, Irene; Gómez‐Martínez, Sonia; Veiga, Óscar L.; Marcos, Ascensión; Ortega, Francisco B.; Castro‐Piñero, José

doi:10.1111/pedi.12800

Cited by 23 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…A cross-sectional study of 1,158 schoolchildren aged 8-11 years showed that BMI explained ∼40% of the association between CRF and CMRS (21). Another cross-sectional study of 237 children and 260 adolescents demonstrated that 55.7-100% of the total effect of CRF on CMRS was mediated by BMI (22). Similarly, our mediation analysis showed that BMI and PBF were both a full or major mediator for the association between CRF and CMR factors.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Although we found that baseline BMI/PBF/WC is predictive of changes in more CMR factors, baseline CRF is a better predictor for LDL-C and TC, suggesting CRF deserves concern as a surrogate for fatness in predicting CMR factors, whereas baseline CRF and BMI/PBF/WC are all strong predictors for TG, HDL-C, and CMRS, and changes in CRF and BMI/PBF/WC are each predictive of changes in SBP, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, fasting glucose, and CMRS, suggesting they may highly interact on CMR factors. Several cross-sectional studies from Europe have examined the extent to which the association between CRF and one or several CMR factors is explained by BMI (21,22,49). A cross-sectional study of 1,158 schoolchildren aged 8-11 years showed that BMI explained ∼40% of the association between CRF and CMRS (21).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several recent cross-sectional studies in children from Spain have shown that BMI was a mediator of the association between CRF and CMR factors (21,22). Another cross-sectional study also from Spain performed moderation analysis and found the inverse association between CRF and CMR was more likely to be manifested in obese children (23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Independent and Interactive Associations of Fitness and Fatness With Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk in Children: A Longitudinal Analysis

Shang

et al. 2020

Front. Endocrinol.

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Background: Findings for associations between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors are inconsistent, and the interactive association between CRF and fatness with CMR factors is unclear in children. Our study aimed to examine whether CRF and fatness are independently and interactively associated with CMR factors. Methods: We included 5,869 children aged 6-13 years in the analysis. Physical examinations, blood tests, and CRF were measured at baseline and 1 year later. Cardiometabolic risk score (CMRS) was computed by summing Z scores of waist circumference (WC), averaged systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, multiplied by −1), and triglycerides. Results: There was a high correlation between fatness and CRF in both boys and girls. High baseline CRF was independently associated with favorable changes in CMRS, BMI, WC, percent body fat (PBF), total cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C (all P < 0.025). Improved CRF was independently associated with favorable changes in CMRS, BMI, WC, PBF, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides, and fasting glucose (all P < 0.0321). Baseline BMI was positively associated with changes in CMRS, WC, blood pressure, triglycerides, insulin, and HOMA-IR (all P < 0.0462). Low PBF at baseline was associated with favorable changes in CMRS, BMI, WC, blood pressure, HDL-C, triglycerides, insulin, and HOMA-IR (all P < 0.0423). The percentage of the total effect of baseline CRF on changes in CMRS, triglycerides, HDL-C, PBF, and WC mediated by baseline BMI was 66.0, 61.6, 40.3, 20.7, and 9.2%, respectively. Baseline CRF was a Shang et al. Fitness and Fatness With Cardiometabolic Risk significant mediator for the association between baseline BMI and changes in CMRS (mediated by 4.3%), triglycerides (5.1%), and HDL-C (12.0%). An inverse association was found between baseline CRF and CMRS in children with high baseline BMI/PBF only. Improved CRF was associated with decreased BMI and WC in children with low baseline CRF. Conclusions: Fatness and CRF are each independently associated with changes in CMR factors. Fatness is a major mediator for the association between CRF and CMR factors, whereas the association between fatness and CMR factors is also mediated by CRF. The beneficial effect of high CRF on CMR factors was more evident in obese or unfit children.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Independent and Interactive Associations of Fitness and Fatness With Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk in Children: A Longitudinal Analysis

Shang

et al. 2020

Front. Endocrinol.

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“…Here, we provide data originating from seven separate studies showing that the link between BMI and subclinical inflammation could be a continuous phenomenon that seems to begin early in life. Furthermore, current findings in the linear increases in CP suggest that even small deviations from ideal body weight may be associated with the initiation of inflammatory processes and thereby foster cardiovascular disease risk [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Body Mass Index and Calprotectin Blood Level Correlation in Healthy Children: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis

Grand

Rochette

Dutheil

et al. 2020

JCM

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Background: Calprotectin (CP) is a protein complex involved in many inflammatory diseases. Obesity is characterized by low-grade inflammation and elevated circulating levels of calprotectin. However, associations between body mass index (BMI) and calprotectin levels have not been explored in otherwise healthy children. Methods: In accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched PubMed and Cochrane Library database up to July 2019. Healthy children’s blood calprotectin values were extracted, and potential correlations were explored. Results: A total of six studies that included data on 593 healthy children were identified. Median calprotectin value was 900.0 (482.0; 1700) ng·mL−1. Multivariable analysis showed no significant associations with age, sample type (serum vs. plasma), or sex. In contrast, a significant effect of BMI z-score (p < 0.001) emerged. Indeed, a positive correlation between BMI z-score and CP, was detected in girls (R: 0.48; p < 0.001) and boys (R: 0.39; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Calprotectin blood levels correlate with the degree of adiposity in healthy children, but are not affected by age, sex, or sample type (serum or plasma).

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“…Results from this research showed that negative associations were found between peak oxygen uptake and measures of BMI, WC, and weight-to-height ratio in adolescent boys. Several other studies support this indirect CRF and BC relationship in adolescents [49][50][51][52][53]. Additionally, a recent study examined the associations between BMI as a measure of BC and muscular strength in adolescents with obesity [54].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Relationship between fitness performance and a newly developed continuous body composition score in U.S. adolescent boys

Hart¹

2020

International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health

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ObjectivesBody composition (BC) assessment typically requires the administration of a single test and can have different evaluation outcomes depending on the selected test and the specific population. The purpose of this study was twofold. Firstly, to develop and validate a novel continuous body composition (CBC) score using the continuous response model (CRM). Secondly, to examine the relationship between CBC scores and fitness performance.MethodsData from the 2012 NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey (NNYFS) were used and consisted of n=212 adolescent boys 12–15 years of age. CBC scale variables included body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), arm circumference (AC), waist circumference (WC), calf circumference (CC), calf skinfold (CSF), triceps skinfold (TSF), and subscapular skinfold (SSF). Fitness performance variables included cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF, mL/kg/min), leg strength (LS, lb), modified pull-ups (MPU, #), grip strength (GS, kg), and plank (PL, sec). Samejima’s CRM, factor analysis, convergent validity coefficients and score reliability were used to validate the CBC scale. Multinomial logistic regression and multiple linear regression were used to examine the relationship between CBC scores and fitness performance variables.ResultsFactor analysis of the CBC scale variables retained a single factor (loadings >0.81, 88% explained variance) with strong internal consistency (α=0.96). The CRM analysis indicated all CBC scale variables fit a unidimensional construct with adequate discrimination (as: 0.71–2.16) and difficulty (bs: −0.04–1.44). CBC scores (Mean=0, SD=1.00) displayed strong reliability (SEE.θ=0.22, r.θ=0.95) with lower values representing smaller-more-lean individuals and higher values representing larger-less-lean individuals. All fully adjusted regression models showed significant (ps<0.05) negative relationships between CBC scores and CRF, MPU, and PL and positive relationships between CBC scores and LS and GS.ConclusionThe CRM-derived CBC score is a novel measure of BC and found to be positively associated with strength performance and negatively associated with endurance performance in U.S. adolescent boys.

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The influence of cardiorespiratory fitness on clustered cardiovascular disease risk factors and the mediator role of body mass index in youth: The UP&DOWN Study

Cited by 23 publications

References 43 publications

Independent and Interactive Associations of Fitness and Fatness With Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk in Children: A Longitudinal Analysis

Independent and Interactive Associations of Fitness and Fatness With Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk in Children: A Longitudinal Analysis

Body Mass Index and Calprotectin Blood Level Correlation in Healthy Children: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis

Relationship between fitness performance and a newly developed continuous body composition score in U.S. adolescent boys

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