The influence of captive adolescent male chimpanzees on wounding: management and welfare implications

Ross, Stephen R.; Bloomsmith, Mollie A.; Bettinger, Tamara L.; Wagner, Katherine

doi:10.1002/zoo.20243

Cited by 27 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…226 Such wounding is common in social species and was a significant source of morbidity and mortality among humans in the ancestral environment, and indeed well into the historical period. 227, 228, 229 Given this, it is not surprising that—to quote Firdaus Dhabhar—‘stress perception by the brain may serve as an early warning signal to activate the immune system in preparation for a markedly increased likelihood of subsequent infection'. 230 And although chronic stress is best known to suppress immune function, 231 the types of acute and/or psychosocial stressors most likely to be associated with immediate risk of wounding and hence infection activate both innate and adaptive immunity.…”

Section: Infection Inflammation and Environmental Risk Factors For Mddmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolutionary significance of depression in Pathogen Host Defense (PATHOS-D)

2012

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Given the manifold ways that depression impairs Darwinian fitness, the persistence in the human genome of risk alleles for the disorder remains a much debated mystery. Evolutionary theories that view depressive symptoms as adaptive fail to provide parsimonious explanations for why even mild depressive symptoms impair fitness-relevant social functioning, whereas theories that suggest that depression is maladaptive fail to account for the high prevalence of depression risk alleles in human populations. These limitations warrant novel explanations for the origin and persistence of depression risk alleles. Accordingly, studies on risk alleles for depression were identified using PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE to examine data supporting the hypothesis that risk alleles for depression originated and have been retained in the human genome because these alleles promote pathogen host defense, which includes an integrated suite of immunological and behavioral responses to infection. Depression risk alleles identified by both candidate gene and genome-wide association study (GWAS) methodologies were found to be regularly associated with immune responses to infection that were likely to enhance survival in the ancestral environment. Moreover, data support the role of specific depressive symptoms in pathogen host defense including hyperthermia, reduced bodily iron stores, conservation/withdrawal behavior, hypervigilance and anorexia. By shifting the adaptive context of depression risk alleles from relations with conspecifics to relations with the microbial world, the Pathogen Host Defense (PATHOS-D) hypothesis provides a novel explanation for how depression can be nonadaptive in the social realm, whereas its risk alleles are nonetheless represented at prevalence rates that bespeak an adaptive function.

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Section: Infection Inflammation and Environmental Risk Factors For Mddmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolutionary significance of depression in Pathogen Host Defense (PATHOS-D)

2012

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“…More than 50% of the population is ≤8 yr, and these individuals will be transitioning during the next 15 yr into the adolescent and young adult period (9-19 yr of age), during which they may create some social disharmony. Research in SSP zoos has found that periods of social instability are especially evident in newly formed groups and that wounding is more common in groups that lack strong male leadership (Ross et al 2009). In the current groups in PASA sanctuaries, strong male adult leadership may be rare because the number of adult males in their prime (ca.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Predicting Capacity Demand on Sanctuaries for African Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Faust

Cress²,

Farmer

et al. 2011

Int J Primatol

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Wildlife sanctuaries rescue, rehabilitate, reintroduce, and provide life-long care for orphaned and injured animals. Understanding a sanctuary's patterns in arrival, mortality, and projected changes in population size can help managers plan carefully for future needs, as well as illuminate patterns in source populations of wildlife. We studied these dynamics for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in 11 sanctuaries of the Pan African Sanctuary Alliance (PASA). We analyzed historic demographic patterns and projected future population dynamics using an individual-based demographic model. From 2000 to 2006, the population in these sanctuaries has been growing at a rate of 15% per year. This growth is driven by arrivals of new individuals, with an average of 56 arrivals per year. The median age of the 760 chimpanzees living in these sanctuaries as of 2007 was 9yr, with 76% of the population <15yr. We found no significant difference in survivorship to age 20 between these chimpanzees and those maintained in North American accredited zoos. The size of the population in 20yr is projected to be between 550 and 1800, depending on different assumptions about arrival and reintroduction rates. Projected shifts in age structure, including increases in the proportions of adolescent (9-19yr of age) and older (35+) chimpanzees, may necessitate adjustments to management, veterinary care, and housing. This research illustrates how data on historic population dynamics can be modeled to inform future sanctuary capacity and management needs, allowing sanctuaries to plan better for their populations' long-term care

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“…Methods for this study were modeled after multi‐institution assessments of wounding in chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ; Ross et al, ) and gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ; Leeds et al, ). Instructions and training materials were sent to participating institutions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ross, Bloomsmith, Bettinger and Wagner () evaluated wounding rates in the entire Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) population. Single‐male groups had higher wounding rates than multi‐male groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The purpose of this study was to assess wounding rates across three group types managed in the North American Hamadryas Baboon SSP® population: multi‐male/multi‐female (hereafter multi‐male), single male/multi‐female (hereafter single male), and bachelor troops. We hypothesized that there would be no difference in wounding rates across troop types because (1) hamadryas have evolved to live in multi‐male groupings (Kummer, ; Swedell, ), thus this represents a natural social grouping that should not elicit major changes in behavior; (2) group size is not associated with wounding in other baboon species (Archie, Altmann & Alberts, ), thus these larger multi‐male troops should not have increased rates of wounding compared to small single‐male and bachelor troops; (3) the housing of other primate species in natural social groupings, even when including multiple males, has not increased rates of wounding (Leeds et al, ; Ross et al, ), and (4) males use extreme coercion to maintain cohesion with females (Pines, Chowdhury, Saunders & Swedell, ) and generally respect the male‐female bond within other OMU's (Kummer, ), thus housing multiple OMU's together in multi‐male troops should not increase wounding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Patterns of wounding in hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) in North American zoos

et al. 2018

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In North American zoos, hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) have traditionally been housed as single one-male units (single male groups). In recent years, efforts have been made to house hamadryas in groups composed of multiple one-male units (multi-male groups) to more closely mirror their natural social structure, in addition to all-male or bachelor groups to manage surplus males. Given that the majority of social conflict in hamadryas occurs between males during the acquisition and defense of females, it was thought that managing hamadryas in these multi-male groups would result in increased rates of wounding. To assess this, incidences of wounding were recorded over one year across seven zoos (10 social groups, 59 individuals). Overall, we found no difference in wounding rates between group types, or by sex, and group type. These data provide evidence that managing hamadryas in multi-male and bachelor groups is an effective husbandry practice that does not negatively impact the welfare of the individuals, in addition to providing a more species-appropriate social setting for hamadryas in zoos. As the management of hamadryas in multi-male and bachelor groups continues and expands, additional research will be needed to understand what factors contribute to optimal cohesion, and welfare of groups and if wounding rates change as group size continues to increase.

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The influence of captive adolescent male chimpanzees on wounding: management and welfare implications

Cited by 27 publications

References 20 publications

The evolutionary significance of depression in Pathogen Host Defense (PATHOS-D)

The evolutionary significance of depression in Pathogen Host Defense (PATHOS-D)

Predicting Capacity Demand on Sanctuaries for African Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Patterns of wounding in hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) in North American zoos

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