The influence of biowaste-based fillers on the mechanical and fire properties of rigid polyurethane foams

Głowacz-Czerwonka, Dorota; Trestka, Patrycja; Oleksy, Mariusz; Pielichowska, Kinga; Kuźnia, Monika; Telejko, T.

doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2023.e00610

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The results of C, H, and N content measurements for SHA are shown in Table 2, while the results of this analysis for SHs have been researched and published in another paper [5]. The content of the analyzed elements is at a comparable level, as shown in other studies [16].…”

Section: Fillers Characteristicssupporting

confidence: 62%

“…In accordance with the principle of the circular economy, polyurethane foams can be made more environmentally friendly by replacing some petrochemicals with waste e.g., fly ash, bio-based fillers [5,6] and other natural substances. The main problem with this approach is that often the natural materials used in RPUF technology negatively affect the properties of the foams.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Utilization of Sunflower Husk Ash in the Production of Polyurethane Materials

Zakrzewska,

Kuźnia,

Zygmunt-Kowalska

et al. 2023

Energies

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Energy produced from waste biomass is more environmentally friendly than that produced from fossil resources. However, the problem of managing waste from the thermal conversion of biomass arises. The overarching goal of this article was to propose a method of utilizing biomass ash (sunflower husk) as a filler that positively affects the properties of rigid polyurethane foams. The scope of the presented research is to obtain and characterize rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) with the addition of two types of fillers: sunflower husks (SHs) and sunflower husk ash (SHA). First, an analysis of the fillers was carried out. The carbon content of SHs (C~49%) was ten times higher in comparison to SHA’s carbon content (C~5%). The morphology of the fillers and the particle size distribution were determined, which showed that in the case of SHs, particles with a size of 500–1000 µm predominated, while in SHA, the particles were 1–20 µm. The content of inorganic compounds was also determined. Potassium and calcium compounds were the most abundant in both fillers. The second part of the research was the analysis of polyurethane materials with the addition of fillers. The obtained results indicate that filler addition had a positive effect on the dimensional stability of the foams by eliminating the risk of material shrinkage. The biodegradation process of polyurethane materials was also carried out. The reference foam weight loss after 8 weeks was ~10%, while the weight loss of the foam containing SHA was over 28%. Physical and mechanical properties, cell structure, and thermal stability tests were also carried out. The use of bio-waste fillers creates a possibility for the partial replacement of petrochemical products with environmentally friendly and recycled materials, which fits into the circular economy strategy.

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Section: Fillers Characteristicssupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilization of Sunflower Husk Ash in the Production of Polyurethane Materials

Zakrzewska,

Kuźnia,

Zygmunt-Kowalska

et al. 2023

Energies

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“…It is said that apparent density results mostly correlate with the mechanical properties of bioPUR foams and bioPUR foam composites [ 27 , 28 ], and the most suitable way to describe the non-linear materials such as polyurethanes is to analyse the stress-strain curves under different temperature conditions. Compressive strength results at ambient temperature were inconsistent except for LigW particles-modified bioPUR foam composites.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Liquid Glass-Modified Lignin Waste on the Flammability Properties of Biopolyurethane Foam Composites

Kairytė,

Makowska,

Rybiński

et al. 2024

Polymers

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Water-blown biopolyurethane (bioPUR) foams are flammable and emit toxic gases during combustion. Herein, a novel approach suggested by the current study is to use different amounts of lignin waste (LigW), which increases the thermal stability and delays the flame spread and sodium silicate (LG), which has foaming ability at high temperatures and acts as a protective layer during a fire. However, there have been no studies carried out to investigate the synergy between these two materials. Therefore, two different ratios, namely 1/1 and 1/2 of LigW/LG, were used to prepare bioPUR foam composites. The obtained bioPUR foam composites with a 1/2 ratio of LigW/LG exhibited inhibition of flame propagation during the ignitability test by 7 s, increased thermal stability at higher temperatures by 40 °C, reduced total smoke production by 17%, reduced carbon monoxide release by 22%, and increased compressive strength by a maximum of 123% and 36% and tensile strength by a maximum of 49% and 30% at 100 °C and 200 °C, respectively, compared to bioPUR foam composites with unmodified LigW. Additionally, thanks to the sufficient compatibility between the polymeric matrix and LigW/LG particles, bioPUR foam composites were characterised by unchanged or even improved physical and mechanical properties, as well as increased glass transition temperature by 16% compared to bioPUR foam composites with unmodified LigW particles, making them suitable for application as a thermal insulating layer in building envelopes.

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“…Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, the compressive strength of EPC-2 significantly surpasses that reported for phenolic foams, rigid polyurethane foams, and nonreinforced epoxy foams with similar densities to date (Figure e and Table S3). ,− …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fully Biobased Degradable Vitrimer Foams: Mechanical Robust, Catalyst-Free Self-Healing, and Shape Memory Properties

Tian,

Feng,

Wang

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Thermosetting foams have limited capabilities for recycling, reprocessing, or reshaping. Moreover, most of the foaming agents currently employed in these foams are derived from organic compounds sourced from petrochemicals, thereby posing a significant environmental threat due to heightened pollution. To solve these problems, a fully biobased degradable vitrimer foam (EPC-X) was fabricated using an environmentally friendly all-in-one foaming strategy by cross-linking epoxidized malepimaric anhydride (EMPA), 1,5diaminopentane (PDA), and 1,5-diaminopentane carbamate (PDAC) as a latent curing-blowing agent. To our delight, the vitrimer foams exhibit excellent mechanical properties (2.86 ± 0.11 MPa compressive strength) owing to their unique rigid rosin backbone and cross-linking networks. The presence of dynamic β-hydroxy ester bonds and the selfcatalytic behavior of tertiary amine groups facilitate network rearrangement without requiring additional catalysts, thereby resulting in the development of EPC-X with rapid self-healing and shape memory properties. The self-healing foam could support a weight of 500 g (approximately 562 times its own mass). Moreover, these high-performance vitrimer foams can also be easily degraded in an ethanolamine (EA) or NaOH solution under mild conditions. Such a design strategy offers an alternative approach for developing superior degradable and thermal stimuli-responsive thermosetting foams.

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The influence of biowaste-based fillers on the mechanical and fire properties of rigid polyurethane foams

Cited by 10 publications

References 48 publications

Utilization of Sunflower Husk Ash in the Production of Polyurethane Materials

Utilization of Sunflower Husk Ash in the Production of Polyurethane Materials

Effect of Liquid Glass-Modified Lignin Waste on the Flammability Properties of Biopolyurethane Foam Composites

Fully Biobased Degradable Vitrimer Foams: Mechanical Robust, Catalyst-Free Self-Healing, and Shape Memory Properties

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