The influence of age, sex and cardiorespiratory fitness on maximal fat oxidation rate

Frandsen, Jacob; Amaro‐Gahete, Francisco J.; Landgrebe, A.V; Dela, Flemming; Ruiz, Jonatan R.; Helge, Jørn Wulff; Larsen, Steen

doi:10.1139/apnm-2021-0080

Cited by 16 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Thereafter, MFO and the relative FATmax ( rel FATmax; exercise intensity that elicits the MFO, expressed as a percentage of the VO 2 peak) were determined considering both, the total body weight (g/min) as well as the FFM value (g/min FFM). This latter may be more appropriated when making comparisons by sex ( Amaro-Gahete et al, 2018 ; Amaro-Gahete et al, 2021 ; Frandsen et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Flexibility and Mechanical Efficiency in Women Over-60

et al. 2022

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Purpose: Aging deteriorates metabolic flexibility (MF). Moreover, recent studies show that glycolysis is barely increased despite impoverished lipid metabolism, in addition to increased relevance of muscle power in older adults. This study aims to analyze MF, i.e., fat and carbohydrates oxidation rates (FATox and CHOox), and the point of maximal fat oxidation (MFO), in a group of active women over-60. It also aims to delve into the role of power production and mechanical efficiency regarding MF. This will help to decipher their metabolic behavior in response to increasing intensity.Methods: Twenty-nine women (66.13 ± 5.62 years) performed a submaximal graded cycling test, increasing 10 W each 3-min15-s, from 30 W to the second ventilatory threshold (VT2). Muscle power was adjusted with a Saris-H3 roller, together with a continuous gas analysis by indirect calorimetry (Cosmed K4b2). Pre and post-test blood lactate (BLa) samples were included. Frayn’s equations, MFO and CHOoxpeak (mg/min/kg FFM) were considered for MF analysis (accounting for average VO2 and VCO2 in each last 60-s), whilst delta and gross efficiencies (DE%, GE%), and exercise economy (EC), were added for Mechanical Efficiency. Mean comparisons regarding intensities 60, 80 and 100% at VT2, completed the study together with correlation analysis among the main variables.Results: MFO and CHOoxpeak were small (6.35 ± 3.59 and 72.79 ± 34.76 g/min/kgFFM respectively) for a reduced muscle power (78.21 ± 15.84 W). Notwithstanding, GE% and EC increased significantly (p < 0.01) with exercise intensity. Importantly, coefficients of variation were very large confirming heterogeneity. Whilst muscle power outcomes correlated significantly (p < 0.01) with MFO (r = 0.66) and age (r = −0.62), these latter failed to be associated. Only GE% correlated to CHOoxpeak (r = −0.61, p < 0.01) regarding mechanical efficiency.Conclusions: Despite being active, women over-60 confirmed impaired substrates switching in response to exercise, from both FAT and CHO pathways. This limits their power production affecting exercise capacity. Our data suggest that decreased power with age has a key role above age per se in this metabolic inflexibility. Vice versa, increasing power seems to protect from mitochondrial dysfunction with aging. New studies will confirm if this higher efficiency when coming close to VT2, where GE is the more informative variable, might be a protective compensatory mechanism.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Flexibility and Mechanical Efficiency in Women Over-60

et al. 2022

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“…Besides age, sex [ 11 ], training level [ 12 ], nutrition status, fasting time [ 10 ] and exercise modality [ 6 , 7 ] play key roles. For instance, sex variability in oxidation rates [ 11 ], especially after menopause is accompanied by a reduced mitochondrial respiratory capacity in women [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Ageing on Female Metabolic Flexibility: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study in over-60 Active Women

et al. 2022

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Background Ageing affects metabolic flexibility, although physical status could influence this relationship. This cross-sectional study aims to describe and analyse the metabolic flexibility/inflexibility in a group of active older women, together with the impact of ageing and physical status on their oxidation rates and maximal fat oxidation (MFO). Methods Fifteen volunteers (69.00 ± 6.97 years)—from 24 women—completed an incremental cycling test until the second ventilatory threshold. Intensity increased 10 W each 3 min 15 s, starting at 30 W. Gas exchange, heart rate, rate of perceived effort, pain scale and muscle power were registered, together with lactate. VO2 and VCO2 were considered for fat and carbohydrate oxidation (FATox and CHOox; Frayn’s equation) at intensities 60%, 80% and 100% from the peak power in the test (P100). Psychophysiological parameters were compared at MFO/FATmax and P100, together with the energy expenditure calculations around MFO (included FAT and CHO contributions), and the main correlation analyses, with and without P100 and VO2 as covariates. Results FATox was low at MFO (0.13; 95% CI [0.09–0.17] mg/min/kgFFM; 3.50; 95% CI [2.49–4.50] mg/min/kgFFM), with short oxidation-rate curves shifting down and leftward. CHOox and FATox were both low for reduced power with age (77.14 ± 18.58 W and 39.29 ± 9.17 W at P100 and MFO, respectively), all accompanied by a fall in energy expenditure (5.44 ± 2.58 kcal/min and 3.32 ± 1.55 kcal/min at P100 and MFO, respectively). Power appears as a determinant factor, given its strong and negative significant association with age (r = − 0.85, p < 0.005; R2 = 0.72) and moderate with MFO (r = − 0.54, p = 0.04; R2 = 0.29). In turn, energy expenditure shows a positive and moderate association with muscle power (r = 52, p = 0.04). Conclusions Despite the drop in substrates oxidation with age, physical status (i.e. larger muscular power and energy expenditure) suggests a key role in the preservation of metabolic health with ageing in active women.

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“…That's why indirect non-invasive markers with a key role in the assessment of the metabolic exibility, such as the point of Maximal Fat Oxidation (MFO), and the FATmax -the intensity at which this point is reached, are becoming important indicators of the metabolism during physical exercise (Amaro-Gahete, Sanchez-Delgado, Alcantara, et al, 2019), despite they need further research while ageing. Lined with previous statements, the Frayn's stoichiometric equations (Frayn, 1983), complemented with Free Fat Mass (FFM) to normalise these parameters (Amaro-Gahete et al, 2018; Frandsen et al, 2021), and with the BLa outcomes -due to their inverse correlation with FATox (Jones et al, 2019)-may also cover to ll the gap and deep on these new insights of metabolic exibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Also, sex (Amaro-Gahete et al (Achten et al, 2003) play a key role. There is a sex variability of the oxidation rates (Amaro-Gahete et al, 2018), especially after the menopause, when the drop in oestrogen levels is accompanied by a reduced mitochondrial respiratory capacity (Frandsen et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of ageing on female metabolic flexibility: a cross-sectional pilot study in over-60 active women

Monferrer-Marín

Roldán

Monteagudo

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background Ageing influences the metabolic flexibility, albeit the physical status could determine this relationship. This cross-sectional study aims to describe and analyse the metabolic flexibility/inflexibility in a group of active older women, together with the impact of ageing and physical status on their oxidation rates and maximal fat oxidation (MFO). Methods Fifteen volunteers (69.00±6.97 years) from 24 women, completed an incremental cycling test until the second ventilatory threshold. Intensity increased 10W each 3min–15sec, starting at 30W. Gas exchange, heart rate, rate of perceived effort, pain scale and muscle power were registered, together with lactate. VO2 and VCO2 were considered for Fat and CHO oxidation (FATox & CHOox; Frayn’s equation) at the intensities 60%, 80% and 100% from the peak of power in the test (P100). Psychophysiological parameters were compared at MFO/FATmax and P100, together with the main correlation analyses, with and without P100 and VO2 as covariates. Results FATox was low at MFO (0.13; 95%CI [0.09-0.17] g·min−1·kg; 5.61 [3.59-7.63] g·min−1·kg FFM), with a shifting down and leftward of a short oxidation-rate curves. CHOox and FATox were both low for a reduced power with age (77.14±18.58 W & 39.29±9.17 W at P100 and MFO respectively), pointing to metabolic inflexibility in older women despite being active. Notwithstanding, the negative correlation between age and MFO (r=-0.54, p=0.04; R2=0.29) disappeared when normalized with P100 (r=-0.17, p=0.53), which was in turn strongly and negatively associated to age (r=-0.85, p<0.005; R2=0.72). P100 was also positive and moderately associated to MFO (r=0.71, p=0.01; R2=0.50). Conclusions Despite the inflexibility with age, physical status (i.e., larger muscular power) suggest a key role in the preservation of the metabolic health with aging in active women.

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The influence of age, sex and cardiorespiratory fitness on maximal fat oxidation rate

Cited by 16 publications

References 40 publications

Metabolic Flexibility and Mechanical Efficiency in Women Over-60

Metabolic Flexibility and Mechanical Efficiency in Women Over-60

Impact of Ageing on Female Metabolic Flexibility: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study in over-60 Active Women

Impact of ageing on female metabolic flexibility: a cross-sectional pilot study in over-60 active women

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