The influence of age and gender on the population-based incidence of community-acquired pneumonia caused by different microbial pathogens

Gutiérrez, Félix; Masiá, Mar; Mirete, Carlos; Soldán, Bernardo; Rodrı́guez, Juan Carlos; Padilla, Sergio; Hernández, Imilla Casado; Royo, Gloria; Martín-Hidalgo, Alberto

doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2005.11.006

Cited by 178 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Of the studies reporting a prevalence of 5% or higher, 4 of 6 were in Spain, 27,28,36,37 and a fifth, a study that also reported the highest prevalence of C pneumoniae, was set in another Mediterranean country, Israel. 40 The largest series, set in Germany, found L pneumophila in 3.7% of patients treated in ambulatory care and 3.8% of inpatients.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Atypical Pathogens in Patients With Cough and Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Meta-Analysis

Marchello

Dale

Thai

et al. 2016

The Annals of Family Medicine

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PURPOSE Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), acute cough, bronchitis, and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are often caused by infections with viruses or Streptococcus pneumoniae. The prevalence of atypical pathogens Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, and Bordetella pertussis among patients with these illnesses in the ambulatory setting has not been previously summarized. We set out to derive prevalence information from the existing literature. METHODSWe performed a systematic review of MEDLINE for prospective, consecutive-series studies reporting the prevalence of M pneumoniae, C pneumoniae, L pneumophila and/or B pertussis in outpatients with cough, acute bronchitis, LRTI, or CAP. Articles were independently reviewed by 2 authors for inclusion and abstraction of data; discrepancies were resolved by consensus discussion. A meta-analysis was performed on each pathogen to calculate the pooled prevalence estimates using a random effects model of raw proportions.RESULTS Fifty studies met our inclusion criteria. While calculated heterogeneity was high, most studies reported prevalence for each pathogen within a fairly narrow range. In patients with CAP, the overall prevalences of M pneumoniae and C pneumoniae were 10.1% (95% CI, 7.1%-13.1%) and 3.5% (95% CI, 2.2%-4.9%), respectively. Consistent with previous reports, M pneumoniae prevalence peaked in roughly 6-year intervals. Overall prevalence of L pneumophila was 2.7% (95% CI, 2.0%-3.4%), but the organism was rare in children, with only 1 case in 1,765. In patients with prolonged cough in primary care, the prevalence of B pertussis was 12.4% (95% CI, 4.9%-19.8%), although it was higher in studies that included only children (17.6%; 95% CI, 3.4%-31.8%).CONCLUSIONS Atypical bacterial pathogens are relatively common causes of lower respiratory diseases, including cough, bronchitis, and CAP. Where surveillance data were available, we found higher prevalences in studies where all patients are tested for these pathogens. It is likely that these conditions are underreported, underdiagnosed, and undertreated in current clinical practice.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Atypical Pathogens in Patients With Cough and Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Meta-Analysis

Marchello

Dale

Thai

et al. 2016

The Annals of Family Medicine

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“…Previous epidemiological studies failed to implicate causative pathogen in the majority (39z to 49.3z) of CAP cases (4,22), which could be explained by 2 factors. First, the sensitivity of conventional bacterial culture is decreased after antibiotic treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The incidence of adult CAP increases with age and is the highest among elderly people (3,4,6,7); the case fatality rate of CAP is particularly high in this age group (3,10). It is plausible that the pathophysiological mechanism and etiological patterns of CAP in elderly people may differ from those in younger age groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Incidence of Community-Acquired Pneumonia among Rapidly Aging Population in Japan: A Prospective Hospital-Based Surveillance

et al. 2014

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SUMMARY:The age-group-specific incidence and etiological patterns of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) have not been fully established in Japan. A 2-year prospective surveillance was conducted in Kochi city, Western Japan. All CAP patients aged AE15 years who visited a community-based hospital were enrolled in the study. Clinical samples were examined by conventional bacterial culture and urinary antigen tests, and 6 bacterial pathogens and 16 respiratory viruses were identified from sputum samples by multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays. The age-group-specific incidence of CAP was estimated using a population-based data set of the total number of outpatients in the whole city.

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“…14, 15 Available data from Spain considering subjects of all ages groups reported up to 12 times different incidence rates. [16][17][18][19] Streptococcus pneumoniae is the causative organism in most common cause of CAP in adults, accounting for 25% to 50% of cases depending on the diagnostic test used, geographic area and setting considered. 20,21 However, the aetiologic agent of CAP has not been demonstrated in every patients, so it is possible that the true amount of cases Streptococcus pneumonia-related is higher than has been demonstrated until now.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential effect of PCV13 introduction on Emergency Department accesses for lower respiratory tract infections in elderly and at risk adults

Ansaldi

Orsi

Trucchi

et al. 2014

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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The influence of age and gender on the population-based incidence of community-acquired pneumonia caused by different microbial pathogens

Cited by 178 publications

References 24 publications

Prevalence of Atypical Pathogens in Patients With Cough and Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Meta-Analysis

Prevalence of Atypical Pathogens in Patients With Cough and Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Meta-Analysis

High Incidence of Community-Acquired Pneumonia among Rapidly Aging Population in Japan: A Prospective Hospital-Based Surveillance

Potential effect of PCV13 introduction on Emergency Department accesses for lower respiratory tract infections in elderly and at risk adults

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