The influence of adding modified zirconium oxide-titanium dioxide nano-particles on mechanical properties of orthodontic adhesive: an in vitro study

Abstract

BackgroundThe purpose of this in-vitro study was to examine the effect of incorporating different concentrations of Zirconium oxide-Titanium dioxide (ZrO2-TiO2) nanoparticles, which can have antibacterial properties, on the mechanical properties of an orthodontic adhesive.MethodsZrO2-TiO2 (Zirconium oxide, HWNANO, Hongwu International Group Ltd, China) -Titanium dioxide, Nanoshell, USA) nanopowder were incorporated into orthodontic adhesive (Transbond XT, 3 M Unitek, Monrovia, USA) with different concentrations (0.5% weight nonofiller and 1% weight nanofiller). The size of nanoparticle was 70–80 nm for ZrO2 and less than 50 nm for TiO2. For measuring the shear bond strength of the three groups of orthodontic adhesives [Transbond (control), Transbond mixed with 0.5% weight ZrO2-TiO2, and Transbond mixed with 1% weight ZrO2-TiO2], 30 freshly extracted human first premolars were used and bonded with stainless steel metal brackets (Dentaurum®, Discovery®, Deutschland), using the 3 orthodontic adhesives and 3 M Unitek; Transbond TM Plus Self-Etching Primer (10 samples in each group). The recorded values of compressive strength and tensile strength (measured separately on 10 samples of orthodontic adhesives (add the 3 D size of sample, light cured for 40 s on both sides) of each orthodontic adhesives), as well as the shear bond strength in Mega Pascal unit (MPa) were collected and exposed to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post-hoc tests.Resultsorthodontic adhesive with 1% weight ZrO2-TiO2 showed the highest mean compressive (73.42 ± 1.55 MPa, p: 0.003, F: 12.74), tensile strength (8.65 ± 0.74 MPa, p: 0.001, F: 68.20), and shear bond strength (20.05 ± 0.2 MPa, p: 0.001, F: 0.17).ConclusionsAdding ZrO2-TiO2 nanoparticle to orthodontic adhesive increased compressive strength, tensile strength, and shear bond strength in vitro, but in vivo studies and randomized clinical trials are needed to validate the present findings.

Shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index of orthodontic brackets bonded to enamel using adhesive systems mixed with TiO2 nanoparticles

“…The mean SBS was significantly higher in composites without TiO 2 compared to composites containing TiO 2 . In contrast to the findings of the current study, Felemban and Ebrahim 1 reported that adding ZrO 2 -TiO 2 nanoparticles might improve shear bond strength (together with tensile and compressive strengths). Furthermore, Poosti et al 22 assessed the SBS of Transbond XT with and without addition of 1% TiO 2 nanoparticles (less than 50nm in size) and found no significant difference in SBS of this composite with and without TiO 2 at 24 hours.…”

“…Orthodontic brackets should endure masticatory forces, by proper adhesion to the enamel, which is reflected in vitro by shear bond strength (SBS). 1 , 2 Loosely bonded brackets might dislodge or break, 3 exerting extra expenses to the clinician and patient in terms of financial, time, and enamel damage (caused by resin removal methods before bonding of new brackets). 3 - 6 Therefore, attempts have been made to improve the characteristics of composite resins used to bond orthodontic brackets.…”

“… 22 On the other hand, Reddy et al 14 compared SBS values obtained using luting agents with or without nanoparticles of TiO 2 (and without any aging or incubation), and showed a significant 30% decrease in the SBS after TiO 2 incorporation. Felemban and Ebrahim 1 reported in 2017 that addition of ZrO 2 -TiO 2 nanoparticles to orthodontic adhesive might improve compressive, tensile, and shear bond strengths of orthodontic brackets. Since studies in this regard are few, this research was conducted.…”

Influence of Hydroxyapatite Nanospheres in Dentin Adhesive on the Dentin Bond Integrity and Degree of Conversion: A Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Raman, Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR), and Microtensile Study

“…The use of nanoparticles as reinforcing filler improves the mechanical, physical, and working properties of dental composites, as opposed to macro or micro-sized fillers [ 34 ]. The researchers have incorporated various therapeutic ions including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) [ 35 ], zirconium oxide–titanium dioxide (ZrO 2 -TiO 2 ) nanoparticles [ 36 ], copper-doped bioactive glass nanoparticles (CuBGn) [ 37 ], and n-HA to improve the properties of adhesives [ 38 ]. The n-HA offers superior biocompatibility to act as a source of calcium and phosphate, in addition to possessing a strong ability to bond with tooth proteins [ 38 , 39 ].…”

Emerging nanomaterials for dental treatments

“…To reduce friction between bracket slot and archwire for efficient tooth movement, inorganic fullerene-like tungsten disulfide (IF-WS 2 ) and molybdenum disulfide (IF-MoS 2 ) nanoparticles have been coated on orthodontic wires as a dry lubricant [ 120 , 121 ]. For a firmer anchorage and increased mechanical strength, a combination of zirconia and titanium dioxide nanoparticles has been added to orthodontic adhesive [ 122 ] and alumina nanoparticles have been added to clear plastic polymer braces [ 123 ]. Making orthodontic adhesive visible with europium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles increases safety by allowing complete removal of the adhesive after treatment [ 124 ].…”