The inferior calcaneal spur—Anatomical and histological considerations

Smith, Simon E.; Tinley, Paul; Gilheany, Mark F; Grills, Brian L; Kingsford, Andrew C

doi:10.1016/j.foot.2006.10.002

Cited by 28 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…; Smith et al. ). The AH arises just medial to the FDB origin and has been hypothesized to contribute to PCS formation (Forman & Green, ).…”

Section: Anatomy Of Pcsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Histological analysis shows that the PCS consists of a core of mature lamellar bone and demonstrates evidence of degeneration and fibro‐cartilaginous proliferation, along with one or more of intramembranous, chondroidal and endochondral ossification occurring at the surface (Tountas & Fornasier, ; Kumai & Benjamin, ; Smith et al. ). The histological specimens are extremely heterogeneous, however, and there is no robust correlation between histology and clinical outcomes (Tountas & Fornasier, ).…”

Section: Histology Of Pcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The irregular surface of PCS and the presence of osteoclasts suggest continuous active bone turnover; however, there is disagreement in studies regarding the type of bone‐forming activity occurring, as well as its location (Tountas & Fornasier, ; Kumai & Benjamin, ; Smith et al. ). There is some evidence that larger spurs show a greater level of cortical thickening compared with smaller spurs; however, this is disputed (Kumai & Benjamin, ; Smith et al.…”

Section: Histology Of Pcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The plantar calcaneal spur: a review of anatomy, histology, etiology and key associations

2017

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The plantar calcaneal spur (PCS) is a bony outgrowth from the calcaneal tuberosity and has been studied using various methods including cadavers, radiography, histology and surgery. However, there are currently a number of discrepancies in the literature regarding the anatomical relations, histological descriptions and clinical associations of PCS. Historically, authors have described the intrinsic muscles of the foot and/or the plantar fascia as attaching to the PCS. In this article we review the relationship between the PCS and surrounding soft tissues as well as examining the histology of the PCS. We identify a number of key associations with PCS, including age, weight, gender, arthritides, plantar fasciitis and foot position; these factors may function as risk factors in PCS formation. The etiology of these spurs is a contentious issue and it has been explained through a number of theories including the degenerative, inflammatory, traction, repetitive trauma, bone-formers and vertical compression theories. We review these and finish by looking clinically at the evidence that PCS causes heel pain.

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“…; Smith et al. ). The AH arises just medial to the FDB origin and has been hypothesized to contribute to PCS formation (Forman & Green, ).…”

Section: Anatomy Of Pcsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Histology Of Pcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Histology Of Pcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The plantar calcaneal spur: a review of anatomy, histology, etiology and key associations

2017

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“…Increasing frequency of EC in the lower extremities is mainly explained by their relation to age and body size (Weiss, 2004;Smith et al, 2007), although this could not be demonstrated by all researchers (e.g. Niinim€ aki and Baiges Sotos, 2012).…”

Section: Entheseal Changes Of the Lower Extremitiesmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…An increase with age is supposed to be an effect of degenerative changes like depletion of tendon vascularity (Villotte and Knüsel, 2012), but might also be accumulated EC during lifetime (Nagy, 1998;Robb, 1998;Wilczak, 1998;Molnar, 2006). In particular, the development of lower calcaneal spurs is commonly caused by overload, inadequate footwear, and obesity (Smith et al, 2007;Wanivenhaus, 2007). Weiss (2012) and Muecke et al (2007) also emphasize body weight as an etiology factor in its formation.…”

Section: Entheseal Changes Of the Lower Extremitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%