The Infection of Human Skin and Nail by Scytalidium Species

Moore, Martin

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-2762-5_1

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…On the basis of only the MICs, our data were similar to in vitro susceptibility data reported for two isolates from patients with deep infections (8,65) and data reported in the literature and reviewed by Moore (44). Dickinson et al (8) stated that their isolate of N. mangiferae (reported as S. lignicola) was susceptible in vitro to 5-FC, amphotericin B, ketoconazole, and miconazole.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Ineffective results have been ascribed to ciclopirox olamine ϩ glutaraldehyde (54), clotrimazole (14,45), econazole (14), bifonazole (19), tioconazole (25), miconazole (14), ketoconazole (14,22,45), itraconazole (24), half- strength Whitfield's ointment (31), griseofulvin (19), and in one patient, a succession of various topical antifungal preparations (19). Further ineffective remedies mentioned in earlier literature on N. mangiferae and S. hyalinum infections are reviewed by Frankel and Rippon (14) and Moore (44).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Isolates of N. mangiferae from either human or plant infected tissue are first recognized in the laboratory by the colonial and microscopic features of the arthroconidial Scytalidium morph. Although Campbell (3) first reported differences in growth rates and production of pycnidia among isolates from humans, Moore (43,44) has described three morphological variants which appear to correlate to the country of origin of the patient. Slightly fewer than half of all clinical isolates conform to the fast-growing type (form 1), which has features identical to those described for our isolate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Invasive Nattrassia mangiferae infections: case report, literature review, and therapeutic and taxonomic appraisal

et al. 1997

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We report on a case of subcutaneous infection of the arm caused by the coelomycetous fungus Nattrassia mangiferae (formerly Hendersonula toruloidea) in a steroid-dependent diabetic man with chronic obstructive lung disease. The man was a resident of Arizona, where the fungus is known to be endemic on Eucalyptus camaldulensis and on citrus trees. Diagnosis of fungal infection was made by observation of narrow hyphal filaments by histopathology of biopsy specimens and isolation of a fast-growing black mold which demonstrated hyphae and arthroconidia of varying widths typical of the Scytalidium synanamorph (S. dimidiatum). The formation of pycnidia, which at maturity expressed conidia with a central median dark band, allowed for the confirmation of the isolate as N. mangiferae. Remission of the lesions occurred following intravenous therapy with amphotericin B, followed by topical clotrimazole treatment. We use this patient's case report as an opportunity to review the literature on cases of deep infection caused by Scytalidium species, to evaluate the antifungal susceptibilities of a spectrum of Scytalidium isolates, and to review the taxonomy of Scytalidium species isolated from human infections.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Invasive Nattrassia mangiferae infections: case report, literature review, and therapeutic and taxonomic appraisal

et al. 1997

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“…However, in recent years there have been increasing reports of nail infections due to several other fungi. Among the nondermatophytic molds more commonly involved in onychomycosis are Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Nattrassia mangiferae ("Scytalidium dimidiatum"), Onychocola canadensis, and species of Aspergillus, Acremonium, and Fusarium (3,4,6,7,9). The incidence of onychomycosis due to nondermatophytic molds varies according to geographic location.…”

Section: Case Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Onychomycosis Due to Emericella quadrilineata

et al. 2004

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Nondermatophytic fungi are increasingly being reported as etiological agents of onychomycosis. We describe here a case of hand nail infection caused by Emericella quadrilineata (anamorph Aspergillus tetrazonus), a species not so far known to be an etiological agent of onychomycosis. CASE REPORTThe patient, a 60-year-old male hailing from Bulandshahr in Uttar Pradesh in northern India admitted to our ward for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, presented with dystrophy of all five nails of the right hand. All the nail plates were striated and had white patches on the proximal end (Fig. 1). The distal end was raised and hyperkeratotic. The patient was nondiabetic and could not recall any traumatic event associated with the nail. He had received oral antibiotics for his respiratory ailment prior to being admitted. He gave a history of contact with soil on his farm. Mycological investigation was suggested to determine the possible mycotic etiology of the diseased nails.Scrapings from the basal layer of the nail plate and hyperkeratotic areas were collected. Direct microscopic examination of the samples in 40% KOH mounts revealed hyaline, contorted, septate hyphae. The scrapings were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) incorporating chloramphenicol (0.5 mg/ml) and with or without cycloheximide (0.05 mg/ml), and the cultures were incubated at 28°C. Cultures on the medium containing chloramphenicol alone grew colonies that were morphologically similar, which were identified as belonging to Emericella quadrilineata (anamorph Aspergillus tetrazonus) on the basis of a detailed study of its macro-and microscopic morphology. Cultures on SDA slopes containing both chloramphenicol and cycloheximide did not yield any dermatophyte or any other mold. Two additional repeat samples collected at intervals of 5 and 9 days were positive by direct microscopy and yielded luxuriant growth of A. tetrazonus; no other fungi were recovered in culture. Histology of a portion of the excised nail also revealed the presence of septate and branched hyphal elements suggestive of Aspergillus species (Fig. 2).Colonies of the isolate were moderately fast growing on SDA (3.8 to 4.0 cm after 10 days at 28°C). They were velvety and brownish buff with a purplish reverse side. Conidiophores were light brown with hemispherical vesicles bearing biseriate philalides on the upper half (Fig. 3). Conidia were spherical, smooth walled, subhyaline, finely roughened, and 3 to 4 m in diameter. After about 3 weeks of incubation, purple ascocarps were formed, surrounded by characteristic hülle cells. Asci were spherical, eight spored, 10 to 13 m in diameter, and evanescent. The ascospores were reddish purple, lenticular, 5 to 6 ϫ 3 to 4 m, and smooth, with four short equatorial crests (Fig. 4). Living cultures were deposited in the Faculty of Medicine, Reus, Spain (FMR 8166), in the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands (CBS 113684), and in the Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Brussels, Belgium.In vitro a...

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“…The most common pathogenic species of coelomycetes is Nattrassia mangiferae, a plant pathogen but which also frequently causes nail infections in humans, especially in warmer areas (146,363). Until recently, this species was known by the pycnidial synanamorph name of Hendersonula toruloidea.…”

Section: Deuteromycetes (Mitosporic Fungi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Developments in Fungal Taxonomy

1999

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SUMMARY Fungal infections, especially those caused by opportunistic species, have become substantially more common in recent decades. Numerous species cause human infections, and several new human pathogens are discovered yearly. This situation has created an increasing interest in fungal taxonomy and has led to the development of new methods and approaches to fungal biosystematics which have promoted important practical advances in identification procedures. However, the significance of some data provided by the new approaches is still unclear, and results drawn from such studies may even increase nomenclatural confusion. Analyses of rRNA and rDNA sequences constitute an important complement of the morphological criteria needed to allow clinical fungi to be more easily identified and placed on a single phylogenetic tree. Most of the pathogenic fungi so far described belong to the kingdom Fungi; two belong to the kingdom Chromista. Within the Fungi, they are distributed in three phyla and in 15 orders (Pneumocystidales, Saccharomycetales, Dothideales, Sordariales, Onygenales, Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Ophiostomatales, Microascales, Tremellales, Poriales, Stereales, Agaricales, Schizophyllales, and Ustilaginales).

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The Infection of Human Skin and Nail by Scytalidium Species

Cited by 25 publications

References 48 publications

Invasive Nattrassia mangiferae infections: case report, literature review, and therapeutic and taxonomic appraisal

Invasive Nattrassia mangiferae infections: case report, literature review, and therapeutic and taxonomic appraisal

Onychomycosis Due to Emericella quadrilineata

Developments in Fungal Taxonomy

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