The indoor microfungusTrichoderma viridepotentiates histamine release from human bronchoalveolar cells

Abstract

Trichoderma viride (Tv) is often found in damp and mouldy buildings where people complain of adverse health effects including mucosal/respiratory symptoms. Inhaled spores can reach the alveoli and may interact with the airway epithelium. An interaction with the mucosal mast cells was studied in cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from 18 individuals. The fungal spores were found to trigger histamine release from the BAL cells, but relatively high concentrations (0.1–2 mg/ml) were needed. A similar dose response was obtained in basophil histamine release. The Tv‐induced mediator release was caused by non‐immunological (non‐IgE‐dependent) mechanisms since the histamine release was not changed by removal of IgE from the basophils before exposure of the cells to the spores. However, in very low concentrations (0.1 ng/ml) the fungal spores were found to potentiate IgE‐mediated histamine release triggered by anti‐IgE antibody in suspensions of BAL cells. Potentiation was also obtained in basophil histamine release, but relatively high concentrations of Tv (10−2 mg/ml) were needed. Our in vitro experiments show that mucosal mast cells from the airways are highly sensitive to the potentiating effect of Tv. Although inhalation studies are needed to determine the in vivo effect of the spores, the results suggest reinforcement of mediator release to be a mechanism in the adverse health implications observed in mouldy buildings.

Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae) Aerial Parts at Flowering Period

“…A. ochraceus is related to ochratoxin A production with pathogenic effects in animals and possible human carcinogen (Malir et al, 2016). T. viride causes adverse effects to health including respiratory problems (Larsen et al, 1996). P. verrucosum commonly grows on stored cereals (Bui-Klimke and Wu, 2015) and may produce ochratoxin A (Kuiper-Goodman and Scott, 1989) and citrinin (nephrotoxic) (Larsen et al, 2001).…”

Molecular reidentification of human pathogenicTrichodermaisolates asTrichoderma longibrachiatumandTrichoderma citrinoviride

“…Three different primers were used for amplification: M13, (GACA) 4 and (GTG) 5 . From earlier investigations it was known that each species of Trichoderma that was studied was characterized by a species-specific PCR-fingerprint-ing pattern type [29][30][31].…”

“…Trichoderma 6iride isolated from damp and mouldy buildings was found to cause mucosal/respiratory symptoms in people who complained of adverse health effects [5]. It was also demonstrated that some Trichoderma species (especially of section Longibrachiatum) may cause serious health problems due to emissions of volatile allergenic or toxic metabolites (U. Thrane, Technical University, Department of Biotechnology, Lyngby, Denmark, personal communication).…”

Role of mast cells and probiotics in the regulation of intestinal barrier function

“…Fungi are known to exacerbate airway inflammatory disease by IgE-dependent mechanisms and has been shown to induce degranulation of mast cells in vitro 147 . Moreover, fungal spores potentiate IgE-dependent release from human cells obtained from bronchial lavage 148 . Yeast zymosan is an activator of mast cells that results in mast cell mediated peritoneal inflammation in mice 149 and release of IL-6, GM-CSF, IL-1β and leukotrienes but not degranulation 150 .…”