The indoor air pollutant 2-ethyl-hexanol activates CD4 cells

Yoshida, Yasuhiro; Liu, Jiqin; Sugiura, Teiichi; Ishidao, Toru; Ueno, S.; Yanagita, Hitomi; Fueta, Yukiko; Kunugita, Naoki; Hori, Hajime; Yamashita, Uki

doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2008.10.053

Cited by 24 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Spleen cells were treated with a red blood cell lysis buffer (Tris‐ammonium), as described previously (Yoshida et al, ). The cells were grown in RPMI1640 medium (Nissui, Tokyo, Japan) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Thermo Scientific, South Logan, UT, USA), l ‐glutamine (2 m m ; Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Tokyo, Japan), and penicillin‐streptomycin solution (Gibco, New York, NY, USA), in a humidified incubator at 37°C with 5% CO 2 and 95% air.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipopolysaccharide levels adherent to PM2.5 play an important role in particulate matter induced‐immunosuppressive effects in mouse splenocytes

Song

Ichinose

et al. 2017

J of Applied Toxicology

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Epidemiological studies show that exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) is associated with serious adverse health effects, including, but not limited to, those on the respiratory system. In the present study, we investigated the splenic response in mice administered PM of ≤ 2.5 μ m diameter (PM2.5). Male BALB/c mice (7 or 8 weeks old) were intratracheally administered PM2.5 (0.1 mg) four times, at 2 week intervals, and dissected 24 h after the final administration. The effect of six types of PM2.5, collected in Shenyang or Beijing (China) and Kitakyushu (Japan), on splenocytes was examined. Our results revealed a strong correlation between the levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but not that of β-glucan and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, attached to PM2.5 and the effect of PM2.5 on cell activity. PM2.5 with a low amount of LPS (PM2.5LL) reduced splenocyte mitogen-induced proliferation and cytokine production compared with that in control mice. The suppressive effects of PM2.5LL on proliferation and interleukin-2 production in splenocytes were rescued by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Expression of heme oxygenase-1 was elevated after PM2.5LL administration, particularly in CD11b cells, while no elevation was observed in CD4 , CD8 or B220 cells. Further, dissociation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 from Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1 was observed in splenocytes of PM2.5LL-administered mice. These data suggest that LPS attached to PM2.5 modulates the splenocyte immune responses to PM2.5.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipopolysaccharide levels adherent to PM2.5 play an important role in particulate matter induced‐immunosuppressive effects in mouse splenocytes

Song

Ichinose

et al. 2017

J of Applied Toxicology

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“…IL‐2 was induced by 2EH in CD4 cells, but not in CD8 cells. 2EH induced activation of CD4 cells, which was accompanied by the activation of transcription factors, suggesting that 2EH functions as a modulator of immune response …”

Section: Study On Mode Of Action Of 2ehmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2EH induced activation of CD4 cells, which was accompanied by the activation of transcription factors, suggesting that 2EH functions as a modulator of immune response. 153 The effects of 2EH on heterologously expressed transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels that cause sensory irritations in primary cell cultures of mice trigeminal ganglia neurons were investigated. 2EH activates heterologously expressed TRPA1 in a concentration-dependent manner (1-10 mmol/L).…”

Section: Of 2ehmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive review of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol as an indoor air pollutant

Wakayama

Ito

Saito

et al. 2019

Journal of Occupational Health

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Objectives 2‐Ethyl‐1‐hexanol (2EH), a fragrance ingredient and a raw material for the production of plasticizer di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, is responsible for sick building syndrome (SBS). This review aims to clarify the 2EH characteristics as an indoor air pollutant such as indoor air concentration, emission mechanism, toxicity, and clinical effects. Methods Scientific publications in English that has been made available on PubMed as of June 2018 and ad hoc publications in regional languages were reviewed. Results Inhalation exposure to 2EH caused mucous membrane irritation in the eyes, nose, and throat in experimental animals. Studies in human volunteers revealed an increase in olfactory irritation and eye discomfort. There has been increasing evidence of 2EH being present in indoor air in buildings. The primary sources of 2EH emissions are not building materials themselves, but instead the hydrolysis of plasticizers and flooring adhesives. In particular, compounds like di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate present in polyvinyl chloride flooring materials are hydrolyzed upon contact with alkaline moisture‐containing concrete floors. That being said, it may be observed that indoor concentrations of 2EH increased every year during summer. Conclusions Unlike other volatile organic compounds that cause SBS, 2EH can be retained in indoor air for long durations, increasing the likelihood of causing undesirable health effects in building occupants exposed to it. As a precautionary measure, it is important to use flooring materials that do not emit 2EH by hydrolysis, or to dry concrete before covering with flooring materials.

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“…Spleen cells were treated with red blood cell‐lysing buffer (Tris‐ammonium buffer), as previously described (Yoshida et al, ). The cells were grown in RPMI1640 medium (Nissui, Tokyo, Japan) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), l ‐glutamine (2 m m ; Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) and penicillin‐streptomycin (Gibco, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) in a humidified incubator at 37°C under 5% CO 2 and 95% air.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The toll like receptor 4‐myeloid differentiation factor 88 pathway is essential for particulate matter‐induced activation of CD4‐positive cells

Song

Ichinose

Morita

et al. 2018

J of Applied Toxicology

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Asian sand dust (ASD), a type of particulate matter (PM) found in Asia, can be transported to East Asia. We recently found that acute splenic inflammation is induced by ASD in mouse models. In this study, we examined the effect of sub‐chronic ASD exposure on mouse immune cells. Mice were intratracheally administered ASD once every 2 weeks for 8 weeks and killed 24 hours after the final administration. Wild‐type (WT) mice showed increased cell viability after ASD administration. In contrast, ASD administration induced splenocyte activation in toll‐like receptor (TLR)2−/−, but not TLR4−/− mice. Furthermore, concanavalin A‐induced interleukin‐2 production increased after ASD administration in WT and TLR2−/− mice, but not in TLR4−/− or myeloid differentiation factor (MyD)88−/− mice. Immunoblotting demonstrated that nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) was activated in WT mice, but not in TLR4−/− or MyD88−/− mice. The NF‐κB‐dependent gene products CDK2 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule‐1 were upregulated upon ASD administration in WT mice, but not in TLR4−/− or MyD88−/− mice. Furthermore, the particles themselves, rather than particle constituents, activated NF‐κB in CD4‐positive cells through the TLR4 or MyD88 pathway. Taken together, these results indicate that particle‐induced splenic inflammation occurs via TLR4‐MyD88 signaling.

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The indoor air pollutant 2-ethyl-hexanol activates CD4 cells

Cited by 24 publications

References 23 publications

Lipopolysaccharide levels adherent to PM2.5 play an important role in particulate matter induced‐immunosuppressive effects in mouse splenocytes

Lipopolysaccharide levels adherent to PM2.5 play an important role in particulate matter induced‐immunosuppressive effects in mouse splenocytes

Comprehensive review of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol as an indoor air pollutant

The toll like receptor 4‐myeloid differentiation factor 88 pathway is essential for particulate matter‐induced activation of CD4‐positive cells

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