The Indonesian <i>Homo erectus</i> brain endocasts revisited

Holloway, Ralph L.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330550412

Cited by 65 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This is well above the 209.5mm average arc measurement obtained for early Indonesian H. erectus (Holloway, 1981a). This difference between measurements for Sm 3 and other Indonesian endocasts also extends to other measurements including those of overall length, which yield an average length of 151.1mm.…”

Section: Morphological Observationssupporting

confidence: 67%

“…1). Compared to other Indonesian endocasts (Holloway 1980(Holloway , 1981a Sm 3 is remarkably complete. In addition there is no apparent distortion to the skull.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…914). The average cranial capacity obtained by Holloway (1981a) for Indonesian H. erectus, not including the Solo specimens, is 929.83cc. While this places Sm 3 below the average for this group, it does, however, fit well within the normal range of variation seen in Indonesian H. erectus (813cc-1059cc).…”

Section: Endocranial Volumementioning

confidence: 90%

“…A more recent set of studies by Holloway (1980Holloway ( , 1981a) revisited the endocranial evidence for H. erectus from Indonesia. These revised endocranial capacities and new measurements dismissed most of the gyral and sulcal interpretation attempted in early descriptions (e.g., Kappers, 1929;Kappers and Bouman, 1939).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These revised endocranial capacities and new measurements dismissed most of the gyral and sulcal interpretation attempted in early descriptions (e.g., Kappers, 1929;Kappers and Bouman, 1939). In addition, Holloway's observations of a left-occipital, right-frontal petalial pattern, and a well-developed inferior frontal region for Indonesian H. erectus, indicated possible cognitive lateralization (Holloway, 1980(Holloway, , 1981aLeMay, 1976). Despite the revised endocranial estimates and morphological observations of Indonesian H. erectus, one problem which has plagued the early Indonesian sample is a high degree of incompleteness.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endocast of Sambungmacan 3 (Sm 3): A new Homo erectus from Indonesia

et al. 2001

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A new fossil calvaria, Sambungmacan 3 (Sm 3), described in New Fossil Hominid Calvaria From Indonesia-Sambungmacan 3 by Márquez et al., this volume, yields one of the most advanced and complete endocasts yet recovered from Java. This communication provides a thorough interpretation of the external anatomical landmarks observable on Sm 3. Using computer tomography (CT) and traditional morphological measurements, our comparative paleoneurological analyses show that while Sm 3 has a mosaic of features that are similar to both Indonesian and Chinese H. erectus, it also possesses significant characters reminiscent of later hominins. These include a greater degree of asymmetry characterized by a possible left-occipital, right-frontal petalial pattern, left-right volumetric cerebral asymmetry, and marked asymmetry in Broca's cap. Moreover, the frontal lobe offers a more rounded, shortened appearance in contrast to the flat, elongated appearance of other Indonesian fossils (e.g., Sangiran 17). Another unique trait is exhibited in the transverse plane where the widest breadth of Sm 3 occurs more superiorly than in other Indonesian H. erectus. Thus, the endocast of Sm 3 presents a unique morphology not seen previously in the hominin fossil record. While the strong modern human characteristics in this endocast may not represent a particular ancestry, they do allow us to recognize a new dimension of the remarkable variation in Indonesian Homo erectus.

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Section: Morphological Observationssupporting

confidence: 67%

“…1). Compared to other Indonesian endocasts (Holloway 1980(Holloway , 1981a Sm 3 is remarkably complete. In addition there is no apparent distortion to the skull.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Endocranial Volumementioning

confidence: 90%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endocast of Sambungmacan 3 (Sm 3): A new Homo erectus from Indonesia

et al. 2001

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Developmental age and taxonomic affinity of the Mojokerto child, Java, Indonesia

Antón

1997

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

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An increasing number of claims place hominids outside Africa and deep in Southeast Asia at about the same time that Homo erectus first appears in Africa. The most complete of the early specimens is the partial child's calvaria from Mojokerto (Perning I), Java, Indonesia. Discovered in 1936, the child has been assigned to Australopithecus and multiple species of Homo, including H. modjokertensis, and given developmental ages ranging from 1-8 years. This study systematically assesses Mojokerto relative to modern human and fossil hominid growth series and relative to adult fossil hominids. Cranial base and vault comparisons between Mojokerto and H. sapiens sapiens (Hss) (n = 56), Neandertal (n = 4), and H. erectus (n = 4) juveniles suggest a developmental age range between 4 and 6 years. This range is based in part on new standards for assessing the relative development of the glenoid fossa. Regression analyses of vault arcs and chords indicate that H. erectus juveniles have more rounded frontals and less angulated occipitals than their adult counterparts, whereas Hss juveniles do not show these differences relative to adults. The growth of the cranial superstructures and face appear critical to creating differences in vault contours between H. erectus and Hss. In comparison with adult H. erectus and early Homo (n = 27) and adult Hss (n = 179), the Mojokerto child is best considered a juvenile H. erectus on the basis of synapomorphies of the cranial vault, particularly a metopic eminence and occipital torus, as well as a suite of characters that describe but do not define H. erectus, including obelion depression, supratoral gutter, postorbital constriction, mastoid fissure, lack of sphenoid contribution to glenoid fossa, and length and breadth ratios of the temporomandibular joint. Mojokerto is similar to other juvenile H. erectus in the degree of development of its cranial superstructures and its vault contours relative to adult Indonesian specimens. The synapomorphies which Mojokerto shares with H. erectus are often considered autapomorphies of Asian H. erectus and confirm the early establishment and long-term continuity of the Asian H. erectus bauplan. This continuity does not, however, necessarily reflect on the pattern of origin of modern humans in the region.

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Cranial growth inHomo erectus: how credible are the Ngandong juveniles?

Antón

1999

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

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Confusion exists regarding the developmental ages of numerous Asian and southeast Asian Homo erectus fossils because of Weidenreich's contention that Pithecanthropus fused its sutures prematurely relative to H. sapiens. I reevaluate the cranial developmental ages of the Ngandong "juveniles" (2, 5, 8, 9) based on a series of indicators of youth (superstructure development, suture development/fusion, and cranial thickness) and cranial contours. The Ngandong juveniles are compared with H. sapiens adults (n = 281) and subadults (n = 81) and with Ngandong and other H. erectus adults (n = 20) and subadults (n = 4). Cranial contours are assessed using bivariate plots of arc vs. chord measurements. All indicators suggest that Ngandong 5 and 9 are adults, whereas Ngandong 8 is an older juvenile or young adult and Ngandong 2 is a juvenile with a developmental age range of greater than 6 and less than 11 years. In addition, adult cranial contours and the pattern of contour development are similar between Ngandong adults and other H. erectus adults. There is nothing in the cranial contour data to suggest that Ngandong is, despite a relatively large brain, transitional in vault shape between H. erectus and H. sapiens.

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The Indonesian Homo erectus brain endocasts revisited

Cited by 65 publications

References 13 publications

Endocast of Sambungmacan 3 (Sm 3): A new Homo erectus from Indonesia

Endocast of Sambungmacan 3 (Sm 3): A new Homo erectus from Indonesia

Developmental age and taxonomic affinity of the Mojokerto child, Java, Indonesia

Cranial growth inHomo erectus: how credible are the Ngandong juveniles?

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