“…The effect of the beam divergence and wavelength spread can be represented by consideration of a nest of the Ewald spheres, rather than a single sphere (Arndt & Wonacott, 1977;Rossmann, Leslie, Abdel-Meguid & Tsukiha, 1979;Greenhough & Helliwell, 1982a,b;Schoenborn, 1983 Milch & Minor (1974), who consider one Ewald sphere but with a certain thickness. A similar concept is introduced by Kabsch (1988), who considers the distance between the reciprocal-lattice point and the surface of the Ewald sphere.…”