The INDEPTH standard population for low- and middle-income countries, 2013

Self Cite

Background: Hypertension is a public health problem, and yet few people are aware of it and even fewer access effective treatment. With the ongoing demographic transition in many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, people are changing from rural, manual work to urban lifestyles, hence the risk of hypertension increases. Objective: This study aimed at determining the prevalence, awareness and risk factors associated with hypertension in North West Tanzania. Design: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among adults in Magu District in 2013. Information on socio-demographic, economic and lifestyle characteristics, medical conditions, and risk factors for hypertension were collected according to the WHO Steps survey tool. Measurements of blood pressure, blood sugar, pulse rate, and anthropometry were taken. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for factors associated with hypertension (Blood pressure ≥140/90mm/Hg). Frequencies and percentages were used to determine the awareness, and treatment among hypertensive participants. Results: Among 9678 participants, the prevalence of hypertension was 8.0% and pre-hypertension 36.2%. There was a higher prevalence of hypertension at older ages, among females (8.2%) compared to males (7.7%), and among urban dwellers (10.1%) compared to rural residents (6.8%). Overweight, obese, and diabetic individuals had a higher risk of hypertension while HIV positive participants had a lower risk of hypertension (OR = 0.56; 95% CI 0.39 – 0.79). Among participants with hypertension, awareness was less than 10%. Conclusion: By integrating blood pressure screening into our long-standing community HIV screening program, we were able to identify many previously undiagnosed cases of hypertension and pre-hypertension. Age, residence, overweight and obesity were the major associated factors for hypertension. Awareness and treatment rates are very low indicating the need for programs to improve awareness, and treatment of hypertension.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence,awareness and factors associated with hypertension in North West Tanzania

Mosha

Mahande

Juma

et al. 2017

Self Cite

“…We focus on deaths in adults aged 35 years and older due to the fact that the largest proportion of deaths due to NCDs is typically expected in this age group, and based on our analysis (results not shown) of younger age groups which showed very few NCD deaths. Moreover, slum populations like ours tend to have fewer older people compared to the INDEPTH 2013 standard (24). The data used in this analysis can be accessed via the INDEPTH Network Data Repository (25).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Trends in non-communicable disease mortality among adult residents in Nairobi's slums, 2003–2011: applying InterVA-4 to verbal autopsy data

Oti

Vijver

Kyobutungi

2014

BackgroundAbout 80% of deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) occur in developing countries such as Kenya. However, not much is known about the burden of NCDs in slums, which account for about 60% of the residences of the urban population in Kenya. This study examines trends in NCD mortality from two slum settings in Nairobi.DesignWe use verbal autopsy data on 1954 deaths among adults aged 35 years and older who were registered in the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System between 2003 and 2011. InterVA-4, a computer-based program, was used to assign causes of death for each case. Results are presented as annualized cause-specific mortality rates (CSMRs) and cause-specific mortality fractions (CSMFs) by sex.ResultsThe CSMRs for NCDs did not appear to change significantly over time for both males and females. Among males, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and neoplasms were the leading NCDs – contributing CSMFs of 8 and 5%, respectively, on average over time. Among females, CVDs contributed a CSMF of 14% on average over time, while neoplasms contributed 8%. Communicable diseases and related conditions remained the leading causes of death, contributing a CSMF of over 50% on average in males and females over time.ConclusionsOur findings are consistent with the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study which shows that communicable diseases remain the dominant cause of death in Africa, although NCDs were still significant contributors to mortality. We recommend an integrated approach towards disease prevention that focuses on health systems strengthening in resource-limited settings such as slums.

“…The outputs from the InterVA-4 model, up to three causes for each case plus a possible indeterminate residual fraction, for Agincourt contained in the INDEPTH Network Cause-Specific Mortality multisite dataset (45) have been analysed with the same age-sex-time standardisation used for the INDEPTH cross-site comparisons (46). The standardisation was necessary because the age-sex population structure in the Agincourt site changed appreciably over the 20-year period (1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two decades of mortality change in rural northeast South Africa

Kabudula

Tollman

Mee

et al. 2014

BackgroundThe MRC/Wits University Agincourt research centre, part of the INDEPTH Network, has documented mortality in a defined population in the rural northeast of South Africa for 20 years (1992–2011) using long-term health and socio-demographic surveillance. Detail on the unfolding, at times unpredicted, mortality pattern has been published. This experience is reviewed here and updated using more recent data.ObjectiveTo present a review and summary of mortality patterns across all age-sex groups in the Agincourt sub-district population for the period 1992–2011 as a comprehensive basis for public health action.DesignVital events in the Agincourt population have been updated in annual surveys undertaken since 1992. All deaths have been rigorously recorded and followed by verbal autopsy interviews. Responses to questions from these interviews have been processed retrospectively using the WHO 2012 verbal autopsy standard and the InterVA-4 model for assigning causes of death in a standardised manner.ResultsBetween 1992 and 2011, a total of 12,209 deaths were registered over 1,436,195 person-years of follow-up, giving a crude mortality rate of 8.5 per 1,000 person-years. During the 20-year period, the population experienced a major HIV epidemic, which resulted in more than doubling of overall mortality for an extended period. Recent years show signs of declining mortality, but levels remain above the 1992 baseline recorded using the surveillance system.ConclusionsThe Agincourt population has experienced a major mortality shock over the past two decades from which it will take time to recover. The basic epidemic patterns are consistent with generalised mortality patterns observed in South Africa as a whole, but the detailed individual surveillance behind these analyses allows finer-grained analyses of specific causes, age-related risks, and trends over time. These demonstrate the complex, somewhat unpredicted course of mortality transition over the years since the dawn of South Africa's democratic era in 1994.