The Increasing Sociospatial Fragmentation of Urban America

Delmelle, Elizabeth C.

doi:10.3390/urbansci3010009

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Each city is at a different phase of postindustrial urbanization, transition and community reorganization (Delmelle 2019;Florida and Adler 2018). This phase is generally associated with land use change, urban sprawl and changing neighborhood dynamics (Delmelle 2019;Florida and Adler 2018). Moreover, the cities have all undergone dramatic urban land use change in at least the past two decades, though these changes have occurred differently.…”

Section: The Citiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing community garden typologies of Baltimore, Chicago, and New York City (USA) to understand potential implications for socio-ecological services

et al. 2019

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Urban community gardens offer unique social and ecological benefits in cities. However, given the dynamic nature of cities and the profound effects of variable land uses on green space provisioning for people and wildlife, investigating community gardens from a landscape perspective offers valuable insight into the functions of these spaces in terms of ecosystem services and sustainable development. In this study, we use garden locations provided by stakeholder groups and fine-scale spatial data to compare community gardens across three cities: New York City, NY, Chicago, IL, and Baltimore, MD (USA). In each city, we assess the spatial distribution of gardens and compare the natural vegetation and impervious surface cover within these gardens to the surrounding neighborhood and landscape. We then compared these cities to clarify the role of community gardens in metropolitan development. Our findings demonstrate that gardens cluster in neighborhoods in New York City and Chicago, but they are more spatially distributed across the landscape in Baltimore. The distribution of Baltimore's community gardens is more likely to be contributing to a greater network of ecosystem services across a broader urban landscape. Moreover, at the garden scale, gardens in NYC and Chicago have more canopy cover and built infrastructure than the more herbaceous gardens in Baltimore. This suggests that our case study cities exhibit different garden typologies, histories, and potential for ecosystem services. This work provides critical insight into the typology in and around community gardens in different cities, which is useful in understanding the potential ecosystem services and planning trajectories of these cities. Keywords Distribution. Ecosystem services. Green infrastructure. Land use. Urban agriculture. Urban greening

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Section: The Citiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing community garden typologies of Baltimore, Chicago, and New York City (USA) to understand potential implications for socio-ecological services

et al. 2019

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“…However, in various empirical studies, the sequence of the city zones as formulated by the Chicago school has been reverted by the Great Inversion Hypothesis (Ehrenhalt 2012) for which the distant gradient from the CBD presents a greater demand of highincome people for location residence in the city center. An example is Delmelle (2019), which exploits the Chicago models to explore the evolution of the sociospatial fragmentation in 50 US metropolitan areas for the period 1990-2010, but whose results turn to be more in line with the Great Inversion Hypothesis. The latter setting allows for understanding the back-to-the-city population displacement yielding to gentrification, according to which the center hosts the upper class and, overall, a general increase of the demand for an urban lifestyle.…”

Section: Framework Of Analysis and Research Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Spatial Structure in Barcelona (1902–2011): Immigration, Spatial Segregation and New Centrality Governance

García-López

Nicolini

Sabaté

2020

Appl. Spatial Analysis

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This paper investigates the impact of the city’s urban spatial structure in shaping population density distribution over time. This research question is relevant in Barcelona because urban population grew at a sustained pace in various decades due to intense immigration inflows. When the urban spatial structure fails to behave as the backbone of population density distribution, population distribution can suffer from polarization problems. We conduct our empirical study using an urban monocentric framework, tracking the different spatial distribution patterns of the overall population and a few selected urban communities in light of the degree of attractiveness of the central business district (CBD). To this end, we construct an original database by each district in Barcelona from 1902 to 2011 and perform an econometric analysis. Our results reveal that the urban spatial structure continued to be a crucial determinant over time for shaping the overall population distribution in Barcelona and in almost all selected communities. However, its importance fluctuated over time, bottoming out in the 1950s–1960s, and whose resurgence was mostly driven by the political initiative to create a new centrality in the urban periphery. This policy reinforced the attractiveness of the CBD, resulting in the de-facto avoidance of urban polarization.

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“…Clearly a consensus on the subject has yet to be reached and may vary by geographic context including urban form, employment sector composition, and residential segregation history. Chicago and Los Angeles are archetypical cities of contrasting urban form with Chicago largely following a monocentric and ordered spatial pattern to development and residential sorting, and Los Angeles the prototypical post-modern, polycentric, and auto-dominated city (Delmelle, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poverty Suburbanization, Job Accessibility, and Employment Outcomes

Delmelle

Nilsson

Adu

2021

Self Cite

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The last decade of urbanization throughout many cities have seen a perceptible shift in the demand for centralized urban amenities while poverty has increasingly decentralized. Yet, the opportunity landscape of these shifting geographies of poverty and prosperity are not well understood. In this article, we examine how access to employment for low-income households has been impacted as a result of these changing geographies. Using a case study on the Charlotte metropolitan area we examine whether the suburbanization of poverty and reinvestment in the center city has reshaped the job opportunity landscape for low-wage residents. The objectives of this article are twofold. First, we calculate and map autobased accessibility from all neighborhoods in the Charlotte metropolitan area to job locations, differentiated by wage categories, in 2010 and 2017 to identify potential changes in the mismatch between low-income households and access to employment. We use a point-level employment dataset for these two years and calculate accessibility originating from census block groups. Second, we estimate the extent to which access to employment has affected employment rates and household incomes at the neighborhood level using a first-difference, spatial two-stage least squares model with instrumental variables. Our findings suggest that changes in accessibility had no significant effect on changes in neighborhood employment rates. However, we find evidence that increasing accessibility for lower-income households could have a positive effect on neighborhood median household incomes. Overall, the polycentric nature of Charlotte appears to have reduced the spatial mismatch between low-income workers and low-wage jobs.

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The Increasing Sociospatial Fragmentation of Urban America

Cited by 18 publications

References 20 publications

Comparing community garden typologies of Baltimore, Chicago, and New York City (USA) to understand potential implications for socio-ecological services

Comparing community garden typologies of Baltimore, Chicago, and New York City (USA) to understand potential implications for socio-ecological services

Urban Spatial Structure in Barcelona (1902–2011): Immigration, Spatial Segregation and New Centrality Governance

Poverty Suburbanization, Job Accessibility, and Employment Outcomes

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