“…The relationship between violence and co-occurring disorders is multi-directional and complex. Histories of trauma precede substance use and mental health symptoms for many women (Kilpatrick, Acierno, Resnick, Saunders, & Best, 1997); their substance use is one way to cope with posttraumatic symptoms (Epstein, Saunders, Kilpatrick, & Resnick, 1998;Glover, Janikowski, & Benshoff, 1995). Conversely, women with co-occurring disorders often find themselves in unsafe environments and relationships.…”