THE INCIDENCE OF <i>DIROFILARIA IMMITIS</i> (HEARTWORM) IN DOGS IN QUEENSLAND

Carlisle, Carol H.

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1969.tb07890.x

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 2 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…Infections tended to be more common in older male rather than in female dogs which may reflect differences in the immune responses of male and female animals (Carlisle 1969;Dobson 1972). Infections tended to be more common in older male rather than in female dogs which may reflect differences in the immune responses of male and female animals (Carlisle 1969;Dobson 1972).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Australia, D. immitis infections are widespread, as shown by surveys made in far north Queensland (Welch and Dobson 1974a), Townsville (Aubrey and Copeman 1972), Brisbane (Carlisle 1969), Sydney (Watson et a1 1973), the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (Rees et a1 1966) and Shepparton (Gee and Auty 1957). The foci of infection in dogs in southern parts of Australia appear to be limited to those areas where the climate is suitable for the development of the mosquito vectors in the genera Aedes, Culex and Anopheles (Travis 1947;Kartman 1953).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution and Diagnosis of Dirofilariasis and Toxocariasis in Australia

Welch

Dobson

Freeman

1979

Australian Veterinary Journal

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The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs continues to increase in the temperate east coast zone of Australia (and is extending further south into New South Wales and Victoria). However, the infection rate has not changed in the tropics over the past 10 years where it would appear that a maximum infection rate of 90% occurs in a given Australian dog population. Twelve percent of Brisbane dogs had occult dirofilariasis and it is suggested that the proportion of occult infections was probably higher in the tropics. Dogs of all breeds appear equally susceptible to D. immitis with infection being more common in older male dogs. The level of microfilaraemia was, occasionally, proportional to the number of heartwprms per dog. Toxocara canis was present in about 75% of dogs from all areas studied except in Central Australia where the level of infection was much lower. Immunodiagnosis of D. immitis and T. canis with high specificity and sensitivity was achieved by cyanogen bromide indirect fluorescent antibody and cell-mediated immunity tests using parasite antigens purified by affinity chromatography. These tests enabled occult dirofilariasis to be differentiated from unrelated canine cardiac and pulmonary failure. Such immunodiagnosis can aid in the early diagnosis of dirofilariasis particularly in situations where no circulating microfilariae can be detected. The prevalence of serum antibody in man to purified Dirofilaria and Toxocara antigens was proportional to the incidence of respective canine infections at each location.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and Diagnosis of Dirofilariasis and Toxocariasis in Australia

Welch

Dobson

Freeman

1979

Australian Veterinary Journal

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“…Thus, the present format of the Og4C3 antigen-detec tion ELISA, is unlikely to find a place in the commer cial field as a quick diagnostic assay for detection of Dirofilariasis, although this does not negate its relati vely good sensitivity and specificity when compared to VetRED, or its applicability in cases which require high sensitivity and specificity without time constraints on processing of samples. If we consider the prevalence of Dirofilariasis in this survey (39 %), one can assume that in the Townsville region, a general reduction in Dirofilariasis in the order of 16 % has occurred, in comparison to pre viously reported surveys were prevalence rates in the order of up to 90 % have been reported (Aubrey & Copeman, 1972;Blake & Overend, 1982;Boreham & Atwell, 1988;Bundensen et al, 1990;Carlisle, 1969;Carlisle & Atwell, 1985). The incidence of « occult » dogs also appears to be steadily rising, with 35 % of D. immitis positive cases found to be microfilariae negative in this survey.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

A comparison of two antigen-detection ELISA for detecting infection ofDirofilaria immitisin dogs

Euclid

Copeman

1997

Parasite

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Summary :A survey on 87 dogs necropsied in the Townsville region revealed 34 (39 %) were infected with Dirofilaria immitis. Infected dogs had an average of 6.1 adult worms in the heart and associated blood vessels. The VetRED assay detected 23 of the 34 infected dogs (sensitivity 65 %) and the Og4C3 ELISA detected 27 (sensitivity 80 %). Sensitivity of the VetRED and Og4C3 ELISA increased to 88 and 94 % respectively in dogs with three or more worms. Both tests detected correctly all uninfected dogs. Despite the higher accuracy of the Og4C3 ELISA, compared to the VetRED assay, it is unlikely to be used widely as a field test for heartworm unless it can be modified from its present plate ELISA format which takes 4 hours, into one which is more rapid and convenient. However, as a reference ELISA, it may well be worthwhile in situations which require considerable accuracy for detecting D. immitis infection.

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“…This trial relates to infestations in dogs in the Brisbane area, where the number of filariae per dog is relatively low (Carlisle 1969). In northern areas, where the numbers of filariae are higher, the use of this dosage regeme may not be indicated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEVAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE IN THE TREATMENT OF ADULT DIROFILARIA IMMITIS

Atwell

Carlisle

Robinson³

1979

Aust Veterinary J

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Dogs infected with D. immitis were treated with oral levamisole hydrochloride at various dose rates over different durations. Clinical toxicity, haematological and biochemical parameters, body weight and food intake were recorded and filarial mortality estimated at autopsy. All filariae were dead in dogs treated at 10 mg/kg body weight twice daily (12 hourly) for 14 days, with minimal clinical toxicity being seen during the treatment period.

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THE INCIDENCE OF DIROFILARIA IMMITIS (HEARTWORM) IN DOGS IN QUEENSLAND

Cited by 27 publications

References 2 publications

Distribution and Diagnosis of Dirofilariasis and Toxocariasis in Australia

Distribution and Diagnosis of Dirofilariasis and Toxocariasis in Australia

A comparison of two antigen-detection ELISA for detecting infection ofDirofilaria immitisin dogs

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEVAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE IN THE TREATMENT OF ADULT DIROFILARIA IMMITIS

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