The Incidence and Transfer of Knowledge Within the Arab Societies

Economic Systems of Innovation in the Arab Region

“…For instance, our analysis in chapter 5 focuses on the weaknesses of the institutional dimension of innovation systems from a regional perspective and therefore differs from previous studies in the Arab literature that focused on the weaknesses of the institutional dimension of innovation systems and the knowledge economy from a national perspective (cf. Nour, 2010;Zahlan, 2012;Aubert and Refers, 2003;Driouchi andDjeflat, 2002, 2010;Oukil, 2011;Andersson and Djeflat, 2013;Bizri, 2013). Our results in chapters 4 and 5 concerning the impediment factors related to the lack of financial and human resources in S&T and R&D, the large share of the public/government sector and the small contribution of the private sector in R&D activities in the Arab region are consistent with the previous results that have been well documented in the existing studies in the Arab literature (cf.…”

“…This challenge of weak knowledge-based economies in the Arab region is well documented in the Arab literature (cf. UNDP-MBRF-Arab Knowledge Report, 2009Nour, 2010Nour, , 2013a. Different from the existing studies in the Arab literature, our results in chapters 5 and 6 explain that the structure of the economy has a significant effect on the performance of innovation systems in the Arab region.…”

“…Our analysis in this research, which uses the classification of Arab countries according to the structure of the economy, is interesting in that it adds new aspects and also differs from the existing studies that examine the Arab region. In particular, this study differs from existing studies in the Arab literature that use different classifications of the Arab countries according to income level based on the World Bank classification of economies according to income level (Nour, 2010(Nour, , 2011a and geographical location in Asia and Africa (cf. UNESCO, 2004); Gulf, Maghreb, and Mashreq (UNESCO, 2010); and in the Gulf or Mediterranean (cf.…”

“…This challenge of weak knowledge-based economies is well documented in the Arab literature (cf. UNDP-MBRF-Arab Knowledge Report, 2009Nour, 2010;2013a. While oil has contributed to the enhancement of economic development in the region, the heavy dependence on it has led to serious challenges that are now confronting the Arab oil economies since oil is an exhaustible resource and, because of the instability of oil prices, the revenue from oil is uncertain and volatile.…”

Overview of Knowledge Economy in the Arab Region

“…In addition, the Arab states represented by Egypt and Saudi Arabia are lagging behind the world and the advanced countries in terms of total personal computers installed in education, home, business and government" (cf. Nour, 2002Nour, , 2010. …”