The incidence and consequences of failure of passive transfer of immunity on a Thoroughbred breeding farm

Raidal, Sharanne

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1996.tb10035.x

Cited by 61 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…It has been suggested that FPT may be positively correlated with bacterial sepsis in foals [9,10,15,31,39,40]. These results indicate that early diagnosis and treatment of FPT are important.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Although the optimal concentration of IgG is uncertain, an IgG concentration of 400 to 800 mg/dl is commonly recommended, and intravenous administration of plasma is required in foals with an IgG concentration<400 mg/dl at 24 hr after birth [42]. However, several studies suggest that a foal with an IgG concentration of<800 mg/dl at 18 to 24 hr after birth should be administered intravenous plasma because a concentration of at least 800 mg/dl IgG provides a significantly higher survival rate and lower perinatal infection rate [3,39]. Based on the clinical relevance, the definition of cutoff concentrations in this study was calculated for threshold values of 400 and 800 mg/dl.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Correlation of Serum IgG Concentration in Foals and Refractometry Index of the Dam’s Pre- and Post-Parturient Colostrums: An Assessment for Failure of Passive Transfer in Foals

Korosue

Murase

Sato

et al. 2012

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The object of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of measuring the differences in the values of the serum total protein (DVSTP) concentration of foals and the refractometry index (DVRI) of the milk of dams before and after nursing of the colostrum for assessing failure of passive transfer (FPT) in foals. Serum samples from 31 foals were collected before the first nursing and other 1 to 6 times between 4 and 24 hr after birth. Paired colostrum and milk samples were collected from 14 of their dams at the same time. Serum samples were analyzed for IgG concentration using a single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) test (98 samples) and total protein concentration using a temperature-compensating refractometer (98 samples). Colostrum and milk samples were analyzed for refractometry index (RI) using a Brix refractometer (71 samples). DVSTP concentration and DVRI were significantly correlated with serum IgG concentration. The negative predictive values (NPVs) of DVSTP concentration for detecting serum IgG concentrations<400 mg/dl and<800 mg/dl were 98.2% and 91.3% when the cutoff value is set to 0.4 mg/dl and 0.8 mg/dl, respectively. Furthermore, the NPVs of DVRI for detecting serum IgG concentrations<400 mg/dl and<800 mg/dl were 97.3% and 96.3% when the cutoff value is set to 6% and 10%, respectively. The results suggest that measurement of DVRI is useful in assessing FPT as an initial "stall-side" screening test, because it is easy, inexpensive to perform and allows for rapid interpretation. Foals have low concentrations of circulating immunoglobulins at birth, because the diffuse epitheliochorial placenta does not allow antibody transfer during pregnancy [16,19,30,43]. Foals are entirely dependent on maternal immunoglobulins (primarily IgG) absorbed through ingestion of mare's colostrum in the first 24 hr of life. Successful absorption of immunoglobulins prevents systemic infection during the lag time between exposure to pathogens and development of protective immune response [19,20]. Transfer of maternal antibodies is critical for the well-being of foals. Failure of passive transfer (FPT) significantly increases the risk of infections and death [10,31,32]. A foal greater than 24 hr of age is considered to have FPT, if the serum IgG concentration is less than 400 mg/dl. A serum concentration of 400 to 800 mg/dl over 24 hr after birth is considered partial FPT [16,31], and a serum concentration greater than 800 mg/dl is considered adequate for protection [16,25], although many normal foals have much higher concentrations [31]. The incidence of FPT in foals ranges from 3-24%, and that of partial FPT ranges from 14-31% [2,24,27,29,31,35,37,44].Early testing for serum IgG concentration in newborn foals can identify potential cases of FPT. Several screening tests have been developed over the years for evaluating the IgG concentration in foals. The single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) test is considered to be the most accurate test for quantitative measurement of IgG concentration in foals [41]. However, resul...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation of Serum IgG Concentration in Foals and Refractometry Index of the Dam’s Pre- and Post-Parturient Colostrums: An Assessment for Failure of Passive Transfer in Foals

Korosue

Murase

Sato

et al. 2012

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…Equine neonates therefore rely on passive transfer of IgG via colostrum intake for humoral immunity to reduce the risk of infectious diseases in the first weeks of life (Jeffcott 1974b, McGuire et al 1977, Robinson et al 1993, Raidal 1996, Holznagel et al 2003, Thein et al 2005, Liepman et al 2015. Adequate serum IgG concentrations in foals are generally defined as ≥ 8 g/L (Koterba et al 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of different postnatal care practices on serum gamma globulin concentrations in neonatal foals

Tscheschlok¹,

Howard²,

Venner³

2016

PHK

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Summary:The aim of the present study was to evaluate failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI), estimated using electrophoretic gamma globulin concentrations (EGG), during the first 24 hours of life in neonatal foals given either intensive postnatal assistance to nurse or no assistance for the first twelve hours postnatum. Sixty warmblood foals from the same breeding farm were included in this prospective study. Of these, 40 foals (Group 1) were assisted to stand after one hour and nurse after two hours postnatum. They received colostrum by bottle hourly from two hours postnatum until they nursed unaided, as well as by bottle or nasogastric tube after eight hours postnatum if their general condition declined. A further 20 foals (Group 2) received no initial assistance but were given colostrum by bottle or nasogastric tube twelve hours postnatum if they had not nursed or if their general condition declined. A serum protein electrophoresis was performed from samples collected 6, 8, 10, 12, 18 and 24 hours after birth in each foal. In Group 1, 16/40 foals nursed unaided within two hours postnatum, 16/40 foals were assisted to the dam's udder, and 8/40 foals received colostrum by bottle. The median time from birth to the first unassisted intake of colostrum was 141 minutes and 149 minutes in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. The median EGG concentration was lowest at 6 hours postnatum in both groups. At 10 hours postnatum, both groups achieved a median EGG above 8 g/L. The highest median EGG concentration was reached at 12 hours in both groups, after which no significant change in EGG concentrations was observed. No significant difference in EGG concentrations was found between the groups. Moreover, no difference in the proportion of foals with FTPI (defined as EGG < 8 g/L at 24 hours postnatum) was found between the groups. Findings of the present study suggest that EGG concentrations and FTPI are not significantly affected by the postnatal care practices used in this breeding farm. Further investigations are required to evaluate methods of postnatal care that may considerably impact FTPI in neonatal foals.

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“…Os métodos disponíveis para avaliação dos níveis séricos de imunoglobulinas incluem os indiretos (refratometria, turbidez pelo sulfato de zinco, coagulação por glutaraldeído, aglutinação no látex) (Pfeiffer et al 1977, Rumbaugh et al 1979, Koterba et al 1990, Clabough et al 1991, Stoneham et al 1991, Parish 1996, Raidal 1996 e os diretos (eletroforese, imunodifusão radial simples e ELISA) (Pfeiffer et al 1977, Rumbaugh et al 1979. A concentração sérica de proteína total foi determinada por refratometria.…”

Section: Methodsunclassified

Proteínas séricas de potros da raça Puro Sangue Árabe recém-desmamados ou com mais de trinta dias de desmame

et al. 2011

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A fase perinatal do desenvolvimento constitui um dos períodos de vida mais desafiadores para o sistema imunológico dos potros. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o perfil protéico sérico de parâmetros relacionados à imunidade de equinos jovens no período perinatal, verificando-se a transferência de imunidade passiva. Oito animais desmamados há um dia, formaram o Grupo 1 (G1), enquanto vinte animais desmamados há mais de trinta dias formaram o Grupo 2 (G2). A concentração sérica de proteína total foi determinada por refratometria. Para o fracionamento das proteínas, utilizou-se eletroforese em gel de acrilamida. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de medidas repetidas e ao teste Tukey (p<0,05) para comparação das médias. As concentrações de IgA apresentaram diferença (p<0,05) entre os grupos, porém os valores observados encontravam-se dentro do considerado normal para equinos adultos. Não houve diferença (p>0,05) nas concentrações de IgG. O estabelecimento adequado da imunidade celular ocorre durante a fase neonatal, nos animais que ingerem adequadamente o colostro e o leite. O presente estudo determinou diferenças no perfil protéico sérico de parâmetros relacionados à imunidade de equinos jovens no período imediato ao desmame, comparados com animais desmamados há mais de 30 dias. De acordo com os valores observados, concluiu-se que os animais, mesmo desmamados precocemente, obtiveram transferência adequada de imunidade passiva.

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The incidence and consequences of failure of passive transfer of immunity on a Thoroughbred breeding farm

Cited by 61 publications

References 18 publications

Correlation of Serum IgG Concentration in Foals and Refractometry Index of the Dam’s Pre- and Post-Parturient Colostrums: An Assessment for Failure of Passive Transfer in Foals

Correlation of Serum IgG Concentration in Foals and Refractometry Index of the Dam’s Pre- and Post-Parturient Colostrums: An Assessment for Failure of Passive Transfer in Foals

Effect of different postnatal care practices on serum gamma globulin concentrations in neonatal foals

Proteínas séricas de potros da raça Puro Sangue Árabe recém-desmamados ou com mais de trinta dias de desmame

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