The Inactivation of the Virus of Epidemic Influenza by Soaps

Stock, C. Chester; Francis, Thomas

doi:10.1084/jem.71.5.661

Cited by 55 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The sedimentation analyses performed on inactivated virions showed that 6 virions inactivated by a potent unsaturated alcohol (y-linolenyl alcohol) or monoglyceride (monoolein) remain nearly intact but have lost the ability to attach to host cells, whereas phage PM2 is nearly totally disrupted by monopalmitolein. The measured temperature dependencies of inactivation of these phages may be related to the ability of the compound to partition from its micellar aggregates (16) into the viral lipid bilayer, thereby causing limited disruption of the extemal (p6 envelope but much greater disruption, and hence virus disassembly, of the internal PM2 lipid bilayer. These sedimentation analyses results are similar to those we previously found for the inactivation of (p6 (19) and PM2 (3) by BHT (at higher concentrations than those used in the experiments reported here).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extreme Sensitivity of Enveloped Viruses, Including Herpes Simplex, to Long-Chain Unsaturated Monoglycerides and Alcohols

Sands

Auperin

Snipes

1979

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Unsaturated monoglycerides and alcohols of chain lengths of 16 or 18 carbons were found to be extremely potent inactivators of two enveloped viruses, herpes simplex virus type 2 and bacteriophage (p6. The lipid-containing bacteriophage PM2 was also inactivated by some of these amphiphilic molecules. Treatment of herpes simplex virus type 2 with these compounds at concentrations as low as 0.2 ,M reduced virus survival to 50% in 30 min, making these agents the most potent inactivators of herpes simplex viruses discovered that are not cytotoxic to mammalian cells. Detailed characterizations of the effects of unsaturated monoglycerides and alcohols on bacteriophages (p6 and PM2 showed that the inactivated (p6 virion remained nearly intact but that PM2 was almost completely disrupted by the inactivating treatment. Some of the compounds inactivate the viruses even at low temperature (0°C). Excess amounts of diglycerides and phospholipids interfere with the inactivating abilities of some of the unsaturated monoglycerides and alcohols against (p6 and PM2. Our findings suggest that the unsaturated monoglycerides and some of the unsaturated alcohols should be further studied as potential antiviral agents, particularly for application to herpesvirus-infected areas of the skin and accessible epithelium.It was reported 30 years ago that an unsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid, 18:1, A9 cis) inactivates influenza type A virions (16). Very little work on the potential antiviral activity of low concentrations of fatty acids and other hydrocarbon derivatives has been done until recently. We recently reported that oleic acid and palmitoleic acid (16:1, A9 cis) are potent inactivators of the lipid-containing bacteriophage p6 (10) and inhibitors of the entry process of another lipidcontaining bacteriophage, PR4 (8). The common food additive BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) has been shown to inactivate a variety of lipidcontaining viruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV), Newcastle disease virus, bacteriophage (6, and bacteriophage PM2 (2,3,14,19). The methyl ester derivative of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B inactivates vesicular stomatitus virus (6), and some saturated long-chain alcohols inactivate HSV, (p6, and PM2 (15).None of these agents inactivates non-lipid-containing viruses at the low concentrations that cause inactivation of the tested lipid-containing viruses.We are conducting a comprehensive survey of the antiviral effects of fatty acid derivatives. We report here that some unsaturated long-chain alcohols and monoglycerides exhibit extremely potent virucidal effects against HSV and bacteriophages (p6 and PM2. We also report the results of studies on the mechanism(s) of these effects on the two lipid-containing bacterial viruses.MATERIALS AND METHODS Viruses and cells. Bacteriophage (p6 (18) contains a loose envelope structure composed of phospholipid and protein (1, 9, 12), making it structurally similar to the enveloped animal viruses. Bacteriophage PM2 (4) contains an internal lipid bilayer whose structure an...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was reported 30 years ago that an unsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid, 18:1, A9 cis) inactivates influenza type A virions (16). Very little work on the potential antiviral activity of low concentrations of fatty acids and other hydrocarbon derivatives has been done until recently.…”

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confidence: 99%

Extreme Sensitivity of Enveloped Viruses, Including Herpes Simplex, to Long-Chain Unsaturated Monoglycerides and Alcohols

Sands

Auperin

Snipes

1979

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…In subsequent years, the antifungal and bactericidal properties of fatty acids have been extensively investigated (5,12,22). Other reports point to the inactivation of virus by various soaps (24), as well as to the antitumor activity of fatty acids (25). In the past, certain generalizations were made concerning the activity of fatty acids on cells and microorganisms; however, owing to the impurity of the compounds used, the limited number of organisms tested in the same laboratory, or both, interpretation of structure-function relationships is difficult.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty Acids and Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents

Kabara

Swieczkowski

Conley

et al. 1972

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

763

614

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The structural relationships of 30 straight-chain fatty acids and derivatives and their bactericidal properties were studied with 8 gram-negative and 12 grampositive organisms. Chain length, unsaturation (cis, trans), and functional group were all variables considered in this study. Our data indicate that C12 (lauric acid) is the most inhibitory saturated fatty acid against gram-positive organisms. Monoenoic acid (C18:l) was more inhibitory than saturated fatty acid, but was less active than dienoic derivatives (C182). Other unsaturated compounds were less acti-e than C182. Alcohols and glyceryl esters were active only against gram-positive organisms. In general, esterification of the carboxyl group led to a compound which was less active; monoglycerides were the sole exception. Amine derivatives, contrary to results with fatty acids, esters, and amides, showed activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.The antifungal and bactericidal properties of fatty acids are well known (5,12,22 Standard solutions (suspensions) at 1,000 ,ug/ml were twofold serially diluted with additional broth to a concentration of 125 ,ug/ml. A 4-ml amount of each dilution was then quickly, and with constant agitation, dispensed into appropriately labeled screw-capped glass tubes (16 by 125 mm). The tubes were sterilized with steam at 15 psi for 15 min. After sterilization, all tubes were cooled and incubated overnight at 35 C to insure sterility.If a compound was found to have inhibitory activity at concentrations lower than 125 ,g/ml, the testing was continued to a final concentration of 1.5 ,ug/ml for each active compound. All compounds were compared on a molar (micromoles/milliliter) rather than on a mass basis.

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“…Similar behaviour is exhibited by a number of other viruses. Under certain conditions of time and temperature, vaccinia (Beard, Finkelstein & Wyckoff, 1938), influenza (Stock & Francis, 1940), mumps (We& Beard, Sharp & Beard, 1948) and Lansing poliomyelitis virus (Bachrach & Schwerdt, 1952) all retained their infectivity when exposed to wide ranges of hydrogen-ion concentration. On the other hand, Alexander (1935) showed the extreme sensitivity of horsesickness virus which, while stable to a range of values above pH 5.96, underwent immediate inactivation when exposed to pH values even slightly less than this value.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

pH Stability and Purification of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

Polson

Turner

1954

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARY: Lumpy skin disease virus in allantoic fluid was found to be stable when subjected to wide variation of hydrogen-ion concentration under differing conditions of time and temperature. The virus could be concentrated by adsorption on the precipitate formed when allantoic fluid was dialysed at pH 4.5; adsorption on calcium phosphate was also demonstrated. Preliminary purification of the virus could be effected by these methods.The isolation of a filtrable agent from a calf dead of lumpy skin disease (LSD) was reported by van den Ende, Don & Kipps (1949). In a later paper van den Ende & Turner (1950) described a method of titrating the virus and applied it in neutralization tests and in the determination of certain physical properties. The data reported in this communication are from continued observations on the properties and behaviour of the virus. MATERIAL AND METHODSVirus swpemions. These consisted of allantoic fluids from Leghorn chicken eggs inoculated on the 9th day of incubation and harvested after 3 4 days of further incubation at 57". The eggs were chilled before harvesting to obtain fluids free from blood. The pooled fluids were either used immediately or stored at 04' until they were required. Material stored over long periods was kept at -70".Buffm Virus titrations. Tenfold serial dilutions were made in broth and 0.2 ml. amounts of the dilutions were inoculated sub-allantoically into 9-day Leghorn chick embryos. At least five eggs were used for each dilution. The eggs were 'candled' daily for 10 days and times of death recorded. Deaths which occurred on the 1st day after inoculation were regarded as being non-specific. LD 50 end-points were calculated by the method of Reed & Muench (1938). All inocula were tested for bacterial sterility on blood agar slopes. All solutions were prepared in distilled water and sterilized by filtration through Seitz pads where necessary. The pH values of buffer solutions were checked by glass

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The Inactivation of the Virus of Epidemic Influenza by Soaps

Cited by 55 publications

References 18 publications

Extreme Sensitivity of Enveloped Viruses, Including Herpes Simplex, to Long-Chain Unsaturated Monoglycerides and Alcohols

Extreme Sensitivity of Enveloped Viruses, Including Herpes Simplex, to Long-Chain Unsaturated Monoglycerides and Alcohols

Fatty Acids and Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents

pH Stability and Purification of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

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