The In Vivo Net Energy Content of Resistant Starch and Its Effect on Macronutrient Oxidation in Healthy Adults

Giles, Erin D.; Brown, Ian; MacLean, Paul S.; Pan, Zhaoxing; Melanson, Edward L.; Heard, Kennon; Cornier, Marc‐Andre; Marden, Tyson; Higgins, Janine

doi:10.3390/nu11102484

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Our results agree with these studies, as we showed reduced insulin responses following acute consumption of an RS4 cracker. Of particular interest, reduced insulin responses for RS4 and other types of RS, even when compared with foods eliciting similar glycemic responses, is a recent finding that indicates a reduced load on the physiological systems of glucose control ( 7 , 27 ). Additional research is needed to elucidate a potential beneficial effect of RS on insulin sensitivity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Responses to Native Wheat Starch (MidsolTM 50) versus Resistant Wheat Starch Type 4 (Fibersym® RW): Standard versus Marketplace Testing Protocols

Steele

Maniñgat²,

Seib

et al. 2021

Current Developments in Nutrition

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Background To investigate the effect of RS on acute glycemic or insulinemic responses, the FDA indicates that control and RS-enriched foods must contain equivalent amounts of digestible carbohydrate. However, RS-containing foods typically contain less digestible carbohydrate per serving than control foods. Thus, controlling for digestible carbohydrate may yield different responses as compared with controlling for serving size. Objective To compare the postprandial metabolic responses to native wheat starch (NWS) versus resistant starch type 4 (RS4) using digestible carbohydrate-matched portions compared to weight-matched portions. Methods A single-blinded randomized-controlled crossover trial examined glycemic and insulinemic responses over two hours following consumption of four cracker conditions and a dextrose beverage in apparently healthy participants (n = 14). Crackers provided 50g of digestible carbohydrate (CHO) using the FDA's meal-intervention protocol, or 35g of CHO by weight for the marketplace substitution method. Crackers differed only by the type of starch additive: NWS (MidsolTM 50) or RS4 (Fibersym® RW). Glucose levels were assessed at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes; insulin levels were measured at baseline, 30, 60, and 120 minutes. Results There were no significant differences between 50g digestible CHO cracker conditions for glucose or insulin iAUC. The 35g CHO by weight conditions were not different for glucose iAUC (Mean (95% CI); 35g NWS: 1317 (677, 2169), 35g RS4: 701 (262, 1351), p > 0.05). However, insulin iAUC was lower following 35g RS4 compared to 35g NWS (35RS4: 92 (10, 259), 35NWS: 697 (397, 1080), p < 0.01). Conclusion In healthy adults, consumption of RS4 crackers decreased postprandial insulin responses compared with NWS crackers when using the marketplace substitution method compared to the FDA standard testing method, with similar postprandial glucose responses. Comparisons of the FDA standard testing method and the marketplace substitution method should be investigated further to elucidate differential physiological impacts on consumers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Responses to Native Wheat Starch (MidsolTM 50) versus Resistant Wheat Starch Type 4 (Fibersym® RW): Standard versus Marketplace Testing Protocols

Steele

Maniñgat²,

Seib

et al. 2021

Current Developments in Nutrition

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“…Furthermore, insulin responses were unaltered after breakfast but lower in RS and RSF after lunch, at equivalent glucose concentrations. Based on this finding, RS and RSF were expected to improve insulin sensitivity at later meals, though there has been no earlier expression of insulin response ( 34 ). Nevertheless, this study was carried out on healthy adults and dissimilar findings can be documented if the trial was performed on patients with T2DM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Resistant Starch Interventions on Metabolic Biomarkers in Pre-Diabetes and Diabetes Adults

et al. 2022

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Simple lifestyle changes can prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition to maintaining a physically active way of life, the diet has become one of the bases in managing TD2M. Due to many studies linking the ability of resistant starch (RS) to a substantial role in enhancing the nutritional quality of food and disease prevention, the challenge of incorporating RS into the diet and increasing its intake remains. Therefore, we conducted this review to assess the potential benefits of RS on metabolic biomarkers in pre-diabetes and diabetes adults based on available intervention studies over the last decade. Based on the conducted review, we observed that RS intake correlates directly to minimize possible effects through different mechanisms for better control of pre-diabetic and diabetic conditions. In most studies, significant changes were evident in the postprandial glucose and insulin incremental area under the curve (iAUC). Comparative evaluation of RS consumption and control groups also showed differences with inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, and E-selectin. Only RS2 and RS3 were extensively investigated and widely reported among the five reported RS types. However, a proper comparison and conclusion are deemed inappropriate considering the variations observed with the study duration, sample size, subjects and their metabolic conditions, intervention doses, and the intervention base products. In conclusion, this result provides interesting insights into the potential use of RS as part of a sustainable diet in diabetes management and should be further explored in terms of the mechanism involved.

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“…Several mechanisms may be associated with weight loss. First, the net energy content of RS is less than digestible starch (2.59 kcal/g vs 4 kcal/g) thus reducing the caloric contribution from the diet [29]. Next, increased fat and decreased carbohydrate oxidation have been observed following RS intake [30].…”

Section: Body Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing and Evaluating a High Resistant Starch Menu and Glycemic Response in Adults with Prediabetes: A Non-Randomized Pilot Study

Maiya

Cartagenova

Fitko

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background The nondigestible fiber, resistant starch (RS), is found in beans, peas, and legumes, bread, cereals and grains, plantains, and potatoes. Here, we determined the feasibility of developing, preparing, and distributing a 7-day menu with a weekly average of ~30 g RS/d, as well as the likability of the foods. Methods First, a menu was formulated using a database, then prepared, stored, and delivered to mimic a future clinical trial. The RS content in each food item was quantified “as consumed” using an assay. Second, adults with prediabetes (n = 15) evaluated the likeability of the food items using a 9-point Likert scale. Likeability was acceptable if the overall score was ≥7 and >75% of the food items were consumed. Anthropometrics (n = 11), and fasting and postprandial (15, 30, 60, and 120 min) blood were collected to determine changes in weight, BMI, glucose, and insulin before and after the intervention. Results The feasibility of preparing, storing, and distributing the menu was verified and a weekly average of ~30 g RS/d at consumption was sustained. The menu provided ~2,000 kcal and 44.1 ± 9.5 g fiber per day. The feasibility of distributing the food items was acceptable where 100% compliance was achieved with the food preparation and participant pick-up schedules. Overall, 78.6% of the food items were consumed with an overall likeability score of 7.1 ± 1.9, meeting likeability targets. Frozen meals were the highest (94.1 ± 5.8%; 8.1 ± 1.4) and soups the lowest (61.4 ± 6.6%; 6 ± 2.4) amount consumed and mean likeability, respectively. Body weight and BMI changed -1.6 kg; 95% CI -2.6 to -0.7 and -0.5 kg/m2; 95% CI -2.8 to 8, respectively. The total area under the curve(0−120 min) for glucose and insulin changed by -655 and -1178 units, respectively, following high RS menu intake. Conclusions It is feasible to formulate, prepare, and distribute a high RS menu that is consumed and liked by adults with prediabetes. Due to small sample size, decreases in body weight, BMI, and glycemic indices should be interpreted with caution and tested using a randomized, cross-over intervention trial. Trial registration: Not applicable.

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The In Vivo Net Energy Content of Resistant Starch and Its Effect on Macronutrient Oxidation in Healthy Adults

Cited by 15 publications

References 25 publications

Metabolic Responses to Native Wheat Starch (MidsolTM 50) versus Resistant Wheat Starch Type 4 (Fibersym® RW): Standard versus Marketplace Testing Protocols

Metabolic Responses to Native Wheat Starch (MidsolTM 50) versus Resistant Wheat Starch Type 4 (Fibersym® RW): Standard versus Marketplace Testing Protocols

Effects of Resistant Starch Interventions on Metabolic Biomarkers in Pre-Diabetes and Diabetes Adults

Developing and Evaluating a High Resistant Starch Menu and Glycemic Response in Adults with Prediabetes: A Non-Randomized Pilot Study

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