The in vivo biofilm

Bjarnsholt, Thomas; Alhede, Morten; Eickhardt-Sørensen, Steffen Robert; Moser, Claus; Kühl, Michael; Jensen, Peter Østrup; Høiby, Niels

doi:10.1016/j.tim.2013.06.002

Cited by 646 publications

(659 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…Interestingly, these biofilms have not been found attached to the epithelial surface, but are found as non-attached biofilm aggregates that are embedded in the highly inflamed mucus [3,21] (Figure 2). Lying completely surrounded by immune cells, mainly PMNs, these aggregates range in size from 4 µm -100 µm in diameter [3,20]. The same mode of non-attached aggregated biofilm growth have been observed in other types of infection, such as those found in chronic wounds, otitis media, and soft tissue fillers [4,5,61].…”

Section: In Vitro Investigation Of Biofilmsmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…This biofilm lifestyle appears to impair the host's ability to combat the infectious agent. The innate immune response in the form of recruitment of neutrophils and their inability to break through the biofilms defence has been specifically examined [18][19][20][21]. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are recruited in large numbers to the infection site, and during acute infection, are able to phagocytize and remove most of the infectious agent [3,18].…”

Section: The Role Of Biofilms During Chronic Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In catheters, the liquids flowing over the surface could be urine, blood or other bodily fluids, which constitutes a very different growth environment for bacteria. In many other biofilm infections, there is a distinctive lack of flow within the infection site [20]. However, the lack of a flow does not restrict the bacteria from creating a biofilm.…”

Section: In Vitro Investigation Of Biofilmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A meta-analysis on the size of in vivo biofilms from chronic infections by Bjarnsholt and colleagues (2013) [20], showed them to have an upper size limit of 200 µm, which can be superseded in the presence of abiotic surfaces (e.g. catheters) leading to biofilms in excess of 1000 µm.…”

Section: In Vivo Investigation Of Biofilmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Implant models are a great way to blur the lines between in vitro and in vivo biofilms through the presence of an abiotic surface. Comparing in vivo models where an abiotic surface is present to in vitro biofilms, results in very similar biofilms (size, shape, and thickness) [20]. There are a range of in vivo models for chronic lung infection, however most require the require the bacterial cells to be well established on agar/agarose sheets or attached to the surface of alginate beads [95].…”

Section: In Vivo Investigation Of Biofilmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

The Limitations of In Vitro Experimentation in Understanding Biofilms and Chronic Infection

Roberts

Kragh

Bjarnsholt

et al. 2015

Journal of Molecular Biology

Self Cite

168

153

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We have become increasingly aware that during infection, pathogenic bacteria often grow in multicellular biofilms which are often highly resistant to antibacterial strategies. In order to understand how biofilms form and contribute to infection, in vitro biofilm systems such as microtitre plate assays and flow cells, have been heavily used by many research groups around the world. Whilst these methods have greatly increased our understanding of the biology of biofilms, it is becoming increasingly apparent that many of our in vitro methods do not accurately represent in vivo conditions. Here we present a systematic review of the most widely used in vitro biofilm systems, and we discuss why they are not always representative of the in vivo biofilms found in chronic infections. We present examples of methods that will help us to bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo biofilm work, so that our bench-side data can ultimately be used to improve bedside treatment.

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Section: In Vitro Investigation Of Biofilmsmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: The Role Of Biofilms During Chronic Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: In Vitro Investigation Of Biofilmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: In Vivo Investigation Of Biofilmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: In Vivo Investigation Of Biofilmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The Limitations of In Vitro Experimentation in Understanding Biofilms and Chronic Infection

Roberts

Kragh

Bjarnsholt

et al. 2015

Journal of Molecular Biology

Self Cite

168

153

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Staphylococci evade the innate immune response by disarming neutrophils and forming biofilms

2020

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Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis can cause many types of infections, ranging from skin infections to implant‐associated infections. The primary innate immune response against bacterial infections involves complement activation, recruitment of phagocytes (most importantly neutrophils), and subsequent killing of the pathogen. However, staphylococci are not innocent bystanders; they actively obstruct this immune attack. To do that, S. aureus secretes several immune‐evasion proteins to resist attack by the innate immune system. Furthermore, S. aureus and S. epidermidis are known for their ability to form biofilms on implanted medical devices and host tissues, which provides another important immune‐evasion mechanism. Understanding these different strategies to resist immune attack will help to develop novel therapies against staphylococcal infections.

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Functional Materials to Overcome Bacterial Barriers and Models to Advance Their Development

Bali

Kamal

Mulla

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

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With the emerging problem of antimicrobial resistance, the world is facing a slow but dangerous pandemic. While the discovery of novel antibiotics is reaching a nearly exhaustive end, new concepts for anti‐infective drugs are emerging. So‐called pathoblockers aim to de‐weaponize bacteria rather than just killing them. As the target of these molecules is typically located intracellularly, however, hitherto almost unnoticed biological barriers are emerging such as the biofilm matrix, the bacterial cell envelope, efflux pumps, and eventual bacterial metabolism. This leads to a new paradigm that is to maximize bacterial bioavailability. To overcome the bacterial barriers, especially when further optimization of the active molecules is not possible, functional materials are needed to engineer innovative delivery systems. Those may not only enable novel anti‐infective molecules to reach their targets, but will also improve the bacterial bioavailability of existing anti‐infectives. Additionally, there is a need for better infection models that allow studying drug effects on both the bacteria and the host in a relevant manner as needed for rational anti‐infective drug development.

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The in vivo biofilm

Cited by 646 publications

References 109 publications

The Limitations of In Vitro Experimentation in Understanding Biofilms and Chronic Infection

The Limitations of In Vitro Experimentation in Understanding Biofilms and Chronic Infection

Staphylococci evade the innate immune response by disarming neutrophils and forming biofilms

Functional Materials to Overcome Bacterial Barriers and Models to Advance Their Development

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