The in vitro effect of kynurenic acid on the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) leukocyte and splenocyte activity

Małaczewska, Joanna; Siwicki, Andrzej K.; Wójcik, Roman; Turski, Waldemar A.; Kaczorek, Edyta

doi:10.2478/pjvs-2014-0065

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The obtained results are broadly in line with the results from our previous experiments conducted on immune cells isolated from the peripheral blood and spleen of rainbow trout, as well as on several types of cells unrelated to the immune system (NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts, GMK green monkey kidney cells, CECC chick embryo cells). In all the above-mentioned studies, KYNA concentrations up to 1 mM were well tolerated by the cells [ 20 , 21 ]. Furthermore, a certain proliferative effect noted at the lowest concentration of KYNA remains in compliance with the literature reports and our previously conducted studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, a certain proliferative effect noted at the lowest concentration of KYNA remains in compliance with the literature reports and our previously conducted studies. Low, micromolar KYNA concentrations stimulated the proliferation of fish splenocytes [ 20 ], chick embryo fibroblasts, green monkey kidney cells [ 21 ], and human and murine glial cells [ 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar results under in vitro conditions were obtained by Kudo et al . [ 3 ] for PHA-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and by our team for mitogen-stimulated fish immune cells [ 20 ]. On the other hand, in our previous studies on animals receiving KYNA at low concentrations with the feed or water, increased proliferation of T lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of mice, and the spleen of rainbow trout, was noted [ 10 , 24 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of kynurenic acid on the synthesis of selected cytokines by murine splenocytes – in vitro and ex vivo studies

Małaczewska

Siwicki

Wójcik

et al. 2016

cejoi

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Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a secondary product of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation, known mainly as an endogenous neuroprotectant, shows also immunotropic properties. Some quantities of KYNA are present in food and are effectively absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Since the spleen is an important target of dietary immunomodulators, the aim of the study was to determine the effect of exogenous KYNA on murine splenocytes. Splenocytes isolated from adult BALB/c mice were used in the study. Firstly, the effect of increasing KYNA concentrations (0-5 mM) on the viability, and proliferative and cytokine response (interleukin 1β [IL-1β], IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α]) of murine splenocytes under in vitro conditions was determined. Then, proliferative and cytokine responses were determined in cells derived from animals receiving kynurenic acid in drinking water at concentrations of 2.5, 25, or 250 mg/l for 7-14 days. Cytokine levels were measured using commercial immunoassay (ELISA) kits, and cell viability and proliferation was determined with MTT reduction assay. Exogenous KYNA was characterised by a low level of cytotoxicity towards murine splenocytes, and was well tolerated by the animals receiving it in drinking water. As expected, it exhibited anti-inflammatory action towards the activated splenocytes, under both in vitro and ex vivo conditions. Surprisingly, however, KYNA itself influenced the activity of resting, non-stimulated cells, exerting an immunostimulant effect in vitro, and an immunosuppressive effect under ex vivo conditions. The obtained results indicate not only anti-inflammatory, but also more complex, immunomodulating properties of KYNA, which require more detailed investigation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of kynurenic acid on the synthesis of selected cytokines by murine splenocytes – in vitro and ex vivo studies

Małaczewska

Siwicki

Wójcik

et al. 2016

cejoi

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“… and Małaczewska et al . ). This observation seems to confirm the above hypothesis that KYNA can be a toxic or stress‐inducing substance towards rainbow trout.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Such changes have also been documented in fish exposed to diazinon, diclofenac, deltamethrin or heavy metals, that is well-known stressors or substances which are toxic to aquatic organisms (Tribskorn et al 2004;Cengiz & Unlu 2006;Vinodhini & Narayanan 2009). Interestingly, our earlier study demonstrated that KYNA has antioxidant properties in in vitro conditions, whereas in ex vivo circumstances, it stimulated oxidative processes (Małaczewska et al 2013 andMałaczewska et al 2014). This observation seems to confirm the above hypothesis that KYNA can be a toxic or stress-inducing substance towards rainbow trout.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of feed supplementation with kynurenic acid on the morphology of the liver, kidney and gills in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792), healthy and experimentally infected with Yersinia ruckeri

Kaczorek

Szarek

Mikiewicz

et al. 2016

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous substance produced on the kynurenine pathway which is primarily known for its neuroactive properties. Recently, it has been proven that KYNA is a selective ligand for G protein-coupled receptor (GPR 35), presented on immunocompetent cells such as T lymphocytes. This opens up new possibilities of its application as an immunostimulating substance in aquaculture. Thus far, no histopathological investigations in fish have been completed to evaluate influence of KYNA supplementation in feed. This study has been undertaken to determine the effect of feed supplementation with KYNA (2.5, 25, 250 mg kg of feed) for 28 days on the liver, gills and kidney in healthy fish and experimentally infected with Yersinia ruckeri. In a control group were observed a fatty liver, which is natural for this fish species in the autumn and winter season. As the dose of the supplement was increased, the fat liver changed, it decreased or completely disappeared. Additionally, inflammatory changes occurred in all the analysed organs, and their intensification was dose dependent. In the fish experimentally infected, KYNA caused aggravation of the signs in the liver, kidneys and gills, and the effect was dose dependent. The results implicate that KYNA may be a stressor for fish.

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Lactoferrin improves the immune response and resistance of silver carp, a hematological, light (histochemical and immunohistochemical), fluorescent, and scanning electron microscopic study

Soliman

Emeish

Abd‐Elhafeez

2022

Microscopy Res & Technique

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Lactoferrin is a multifunctional protein that has roles in iron metabolism, cell generation and differentiation, and antibacterial, antiviral, and antiparasitic activity. The study aim was to evaluate the effect of dietary lactoferrin powder on the innate immune response and disease resistance of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)infected with Vibrio vulnificus. The study also investigates immune cells in different organs including gills, intestine, spleen, liver, and pancreas using light, scan electron microcopy. Two diet regimes, a basic diet and a 600-mg/kg bovine lactoferrinsupplemented diet were used. The fish were fed for 30 successive days. We included 270 apparently healthy silver carp (H. Molitrix) with an average body weight of 10 ± 2 g/fish. Addition of lactoferrin to the diet led to an increase in the activity of non-specific immune parameters; lymphocytes, and in the monocytes percentage, and in total protein, serum globulin, and albumin, with a corresponding increase in phagocytic activities and indices. The histological analysis revealed increase immune cells such as lymphocytes in intestine, rodlet cells in liver, gills, and pancreas, and the macrophages in liver, pancreas as well as spleen. The lactoferrin-supplemented diet significantly increased survival and disease resistance following V. vulnificus challenge, which seemed to correspond to an enhancement of non-specific immune functions in H. molitrix. Research Highlights• The study evaluates the effect of dietary lactoferrin powder on the innate immune response and disease resistance of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) infected with Vibrio vulnificus.• The study also investigates immune cells in different organs including gills, intestine, spleen, liver, and pancreas using light, scan electron microcopy.• Lactoferrin increases the activity of nonspecific immune parameters; lymphocytes, and in the monocytes percentage, and in total protein, serum globulin, and albumin, with a corresponding increase in phagocytic activities and indices.• The histological analysis revealed increase immune cells such as lymphocytes in intestine, rodlet cells in liver, gills, and pancreas, and the macrophages in liver, pancreas as well as spleen.

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The in vitro effect of kynurenic acid on the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) leukocyte and splenocyte activity

Cited by 8 publications

References 20 publications

The effect of kynurenic acid on the synthesis of selected cytokines by murine splenocytes – in vitro and ex vivo studies

The effect of kynurenic acid on the synthesis of selected cytokines by murine splenocytes – in vitro and ex vivo studies

Effect of feed supplementation with kynurenic acid on the morphology of the liver, kidney and gills in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792), healthy and experimentally infected with Yersinia ruckeri

Lactoferrin improves the immune response and resistance of silver carp, a hematological, light (histochemical and immunohistochemical), fluorescent, and scanning electron microscopic study

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