The In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Sudanese Medicinal Plants against Madurella mycetomatis, the Eumycetoma Major Causative Agent

Elfadil, Hassabelrasoul; Fahal, Ahmed H.; Kloezen, Wendy; Ahmed, Elhadi M.; Sande, Wendy W. J. van de

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003488

Cited by 20 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In vitro susceptibility assays can also be used to determine the activity of medicinal plants against mycetoma causative agents. So far the activity of fractions or essential oils from the following plants have been determined: Acacia nubica , 30 Boswellia papyrifera , 30 , 52 Cinnamum verum , 30 Croton zambesicus , 52 Cummium cymimum , 52 Cymbopogon nervatus , 52 Cymbopogon proximus , 52 Cyperus rotundus , 52 Eucalyptus camaldulensis , 52 Eugenia caryophilus , 30 Melaleuca alternifolia , 33 Mentha spicata , 52 Nigella sativa , 30 Ocimum bacilicum , 52 Piper nigrum , 30 Xylopia aethiopica 52 and Zingiber officinalis 30 (Table 5 ). In general, relatively low MICs were obtained for the essential oils (MIC50 ranging from 0.063% to 0.25% v/v).…”

Section: Antifungal Agents Testedmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro susceptibility testing for black grain eumycetoma causative agents

Sande

2021

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Eumycetoma is a neglected tropical implantation mycosis characterized by large subcutaneous swellings. Inside the infected tissue, the causative agents are found in grains. The most common causative agents form black grains and are sterile upon isolation. In vitro susceptibility assays were developed for eumycetoma causative agents. They were based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M38A protocol and modified to enable the use of hyphae as a starting inoculum. To ease endpoint reading, viability dyes such as resazurin or XTT have been used. So far the in vitro susceptibility assays developed have mainly been used to establish if causative agents are inhibited in growth by various antifungal agents, but not for clinical decision making. For drug discovery, the assay proved useful in determining which compounds were able to prevent hyphal growth. However, a clear correlation between in vitro inhibition in terms of the half maximal inhibitory concentration or 50% minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) and therapeutic efficacy assayed in a novel model system in terms of Galleria mellonella larval survival was not found. For clinical decision making, a range of MICs were found for each antifungal agent. However, no clinical breakpoints have been established for any of the causative agents. For itraconazole, the MIC50 of most causative agents was below the attainable serum levels, which might indicate that they are susceptible. However, before in vitro susceptibility can be used in clinical decision making for mycetoma, a correlation between MIC and clinical outcome needs to be made.

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Section: Antifungal Agents Testedmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro susceptibility testing for black grain eumycetoma causative agents

Sande

2021

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Lesions consist of a painless subcutaneous mass, presence of sinuses and sero-purulent discharge, colored grains and aggregates of the fungal hyphae. The progression of the disease can lead to the involvement of the skin, deep structures, fascia, and bones with consequent deformity and disability [67][68][69].…”

Section: Fusariosis: Fusariosisis Is Caused By Fusarium Species Inclumentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on Fungal Disease: From Establish Infection to Clinical Manifestation

Melo¹,

Scorzoni²,

Rossi³

et al. 2017

J Biotechnol Biomater

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Fungal diseases have emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially among immunocompromised patients. Pathogenic fungi have evolved an array of virulence factors to survive within the host and to outwit immune defenses. Fungi may cause a wide range of diseases in humans that range in extent from superficial to disseminated infections. Generally, the site of infections classifies the type of fungal disease, which can be divided into superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous and systemic. In addition, the fungal virulence factors determine whether the infection will become established in the host. A primary pathogen may infect an immunologically normal host, whereas, an opportunistic pathogen requires some compromise of the host immune defenses in order for the infection to become established. This article covers the main fungi that are responsible for the increase of the fungal infections.Keywords: Fungal infections; Virulence; Yeast; Opportunistic infections; Endemic mycosis Fungal InfectionsFungal diseases have changed constantly in the last years. The virulence of these microorganisms has been adapted according to the human host, promoting a range of clinical manifestation. Several are the ways by which fungi promote a disease depending on human body part involved by the microorganism and the immunologic system of the host [1].In this review, we discuss the main fungal pathogens responsible for causing several diseases, highlighting on their virulence associate to clinical manifestation and the difficulty to accomplish the treatment. Superficial and cutaneous fungal diseasesSuperficial and cutaneous fungal infections are very common and occur worldwide affecting millions of people, especially immunocompromised patients. The most common types of these infections are dermatophytosis (tinea or ringworm), pityriasis versicolor (formerly tinea versicolor) and candidiasis (moniliasis). These occur by fungal invasion into the skin, keratinized tissues and mucous membranes [2]. Trichosporon and Fusarium species also cause superficial fungal infection, but also may be considered an invasive pathogen that may cause a systemic infection [3,4].Dermatophytosis: Dermatophytes are fungi that invade keratinized structures of humans and animals producing a condition called dermatophytosis or, more commonly, tinea [5,6]. These fungi belong to three main genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton, of these T. rubrum is the most prevalent species worldwide [7,8]. The mechanisms of pathogenicity of these fungi are not yet well understood. There are several studies focusing on keratinolytic proteases (keratinases) produced by dermatophytes, but it is not known how these fungi regulate the use of these proteases to obtain nutrients from the stratum corneum substrate they invade, and whether there are additional roles of these proteins in adhesion and immunomodulation [9].To establish the infection, the contact of arthroconidia or hyphal fragmens with the host skin is essential. The fungi express spe...

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“…Previous studies have already demonstrated the ability of different plant extracts and essential oils to inhibit the growth of M . mycetomatis [ 9 , 10 ]. Essential oils are a mixture of multiple, potentially synergistic, compounds which derive from plants as secondary metabolites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The synthetic synergistic cinnamon oil CIN-102 is active against Madurella mycetomatis, the most common causative agent of mycetoma

et al. 2021

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Mycetoma is a devastating neglected tropical infection of the subcutaneous tissue and most commonly caused by the fungus Madurella mycetomatis. Treatment of mycetoma consists of a combination of a long term antifungal treatment with itraconazole and surgery. However, treatment is associated with low success rates. Therefore, there is a need to identify novel treatments for mycetoma. CIN-102 is a synthetic partial copy of cinnamon oils with activity against many pathogenic bacteria and fungi. In this study we determined the in vitro activity of CIN-102 against 21 M. mycetomatis isolates and its in vivo efficacy in a M. mycetomatis infected Galleria mellonella larval model. In vitro, CIN-102 was active against M. mycetomatis with MICs ranging from 32 μg/mL to 512 μg/mL. 128 μg/mL was needed to inhibit the growth in 50% of tested isolated. In vivo, concentrations below the MIC of 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg CIN-102 prolonged larval survival, but higher concentrations of CIN-102 did not.

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The In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Sudanese Medicinal Plants against Madurella mycetomatis, the Eumycetoma Major Causative Agent

Cited by 20 publications

References 32 publications

In vitro susceptibility testing for black grain eumycetoma causative agents

In vitro susceptibility testing for black grain eumycetoma causative agents

Update on Fungal Disease: From Establish Infection to Clinical Manifestation

The synthetic synergistic cinnamon oil CIN-102 is active against Madurella mycetomatis, the most common causative agent of mycetoma

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