The in silico search for endogenous anti‐Alzheimer's compounds

Abstract

Background Since many peptide and proteins are susceptible to oligomerization analogous to Aβ and tau, there is evolutionary pressure to inhibit deleterious protein misfolding; likewise, the immunoinflammatory cascade triggered by such misfolding is also subject to homeostatic regulation. Accordingly, it is reasonable to postulate the existence of endogenous molecules within the human brain that could modulate or even interrupt the neurotoxic cascade of AD by blocking both the proteopathy and immunopathy of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Such compounds would constitute platforms for future drug development. Method We sought to identify a single anti‐proteopathic and anti‐immunopathic agent endogenous to the human central nervous system; to find this compound, we created a comprehensive library of 1,376 molecules (molecular weight < 600 Da) naturally occurring within the human brain and employed an in silico screening assay. Using computer‐aided screening with a molecular mechanics force field, we docked these endogenous molecules against computer models of in Aβ(HHQK16LVFF), tau(KKAK144), IL‐1R1(HKEK80), IL‐1β(KLRK76), C1qA(KKGH225), IFN‐gamma(KKKR112) and RANTES(RKNR70). Additional molecular dynamics simulations were done to refine the docking. Finally, multiple in vitro assays were done, verifying that the in silico hits had correctly predicted the ability to block oligomerization and to bind to multiple immunopeptides. Result Several zwitterionic and aromatic‐anionic compounds capable of binding to these multiple amyloid, tau and immunoprotein targets were identified. Strong in silico hits included 2‐aminoethanesulfonic acid, L‐phosphoserine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine and 3‐hydroxyanthranilic acid. These predictions were verified using in vitro assays, including the kinetic Thioflavin T [ThT] aggregation assay. Conclusion Searching for an “endogenous anti‐AD compound” represents an unexplored concept. Our in silico and in vitro studies suggest that compounds endogenous to the human brain can inhibit pathological both the proteopathic and immunopathic pathogeneses of AD. The value of a novel in silico screening assay to identify such endogenous agent capable of "one‐drug‐multiple‐targets" has also been demonstrated.

Mechanistic insight into the disruption of Tau R3–R4 protofibrils by curcumin and epinephrine: an all-atom molecular dynamics study

“…Finding endogenous compounds within the brain that play a role in inhibiting protein aggregation may be the starting point in the design of future therapeutics. 28,29 Epinephrine (commonly known as adrenaline, EP for short), as a vital human endogenous small molecule, has been found to be able to influence Tau aggregation. 17,19 EP is secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands that helps to transmit messages between nerve cells, and plays a key role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing the heart rate, vasodilatation and blood sugar.…”