The In-Li (Indium-Lithium) System

Songster, J.; Pelton, Arthur D.

doi:10.1007/bf02663671

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…It is well known that Li x In (0 < x < 1) displays a voltage plateau at 0.62 V due to two-phase coexistence. According to the Li−In phase diagram, 20 Li removal of Li 1.5 In will move the alloy into another two-phase coexistence region and hence a voltage plateau at a lower voltage. In contrast, when a popular Li−In alloy for solid-state battery research, Li 0.8 In, was used instead of Li 1.5 In, the cell showed large polarization toward the end of discharge.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Pressure on Lithium Metal Deposition and Stripping against Sulfide-Based Solid Electrolytes

Wang

Liu

Kumar

2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Fundamental challenges for lithium metal anode cycling against solid electrolytes (SEs) at high current densities and high areal capacities include lithium dendrite penetration during Li deposition and void formation during Li stripping. These two dynamic processes have a distinct dependency on the external pressure. The majority of research to date on Li cycling behaviors adopt symmetric cell (Li/SE/Li) configurations, where the stack pressure and the failure associated with the deposition and the stripping processes cannot be delineated. In this work, we investigate the effect of external pressure on the deposition and the stripping of Li metal anodes separately against a sulfide-based SE by employing asymmetric cell configurations. We show that (1) for Li striping, the pressure required is positively correlated with stripping current densities; (2) for Li deposition, higher pressure leads to lower maximum allowed current densities, defined as the current densities beyond which dendrite penetration occurs. The apparent opposing requirement for external pressure of Li deposition and Li stripping elucidates why the methodology of Li metal cycling in symmetric cell configurations is fundamentally flawed and highlights the importance of refined pressure regulation in all-solid-state Li metal batteries.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Pressure on Lithium Metal Deposition and Stripping against Sulfide-Based Solid Electrolytes

Wang

Liu

Kumar

2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…(a) Schematic representation of the synthesis protocol. (b) Binary Li–In phase diagram redrawn from Songster et al (c) Binary Li–Sn phase diagram redrawn from Li et al (d) XRD powder pattern of the Li 13 In 3 alloy before and after ball milling (180 min) compared against the reference pattern (ICDS-no. 51963) .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Favorable Interfacial Chemomechanics Enables Stable Cycling of High-Li-Content Li–In/Sn Anodes in Sulfide Electrolyte-Based Solid-State Batteries

et al. 2021

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Solid-state batteries (SSBs) can offer a paradigm shift in battery safety and energy density. Yet, the promise hinges on the ability to integrate high-performance electrodes with state-of-the-art solid electrolytes. For example, lithium (Li) metal, the most energy-dense anode candidate suffers from severe interfacial chemomechanical issues that lead to cell failure. Li alloys of In/Sn are attractive alternatives, but their exploration has mostly been limited to the low capacity (low Li content) and In-rich Li x In (x ≤ 0.5) systems. Here, the fundamental electro-chemo-mechanical behavior of Li–In and Li–Sn alloys of varied Li stoichiometries is unraveled in sulfide electrolyte-based SSBs. The intermetallic electrodes developed through a controlled synthesis and fabrication technique display impressive (electro)chemical stability with Li6PS5Cl as the solid electrolyte and maintain nearly perfect interfacial contact during the electrochemical Li insertion/deinsertion under an optimal stack pressure. Their intriguing variation in the Li migration barrier with composition and its influence on the observed Li cycling overpotential is revealed through combined computational and electrochemical studies. Stable interfacial chemomechanics of the alloys allow long-term dendrite free Li cycling (>1000 h) at relatively high current densities (1 mA cm–2) and capacities (1 mAh cm–2), as demonstrated for Li13In3 and Li17Sn4, which are more desirable from a capacity and cost consideration compared to the low-Li-content analogues. The presented understanding can guide the development of high-capacity Li–In/Sn alloy anodes for SSBs.

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“…Both the LiAg and LiAu systems have similar Li-rich portions of their phase diagrams despite different intermediate phases and compounds; , thus, the same growth mechanism is likely at play. The phase diagram of the LiIn system features a much smaller two-phase region between the Li and liquid phases (the eutectic point occurs at 99.8 atomic % Li), but nonequilibrium effects may also play a significant role in the growth of wires from LiIn alloys. A better understanding of the growth mechanisms in these three cases could open up a wider variety of materials for which wire growth is possible using these simple methods.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seeded Nanowire and Microwire Growth from Lithium Alloys

et al. 2018

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Although vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth of nanowires from alloy seed particles is common in various semiconductor systems, related wire growth in all-metal systems is rare. Here, we report the spontaneous growth of nano- and microwires from metal seed particles during the cooling of Li-rich bulk alloys containing Au, Ag, or In. The as-grown wires feature Au-, Ag-, or In-rich metal tips and LiOH shafts; the results indicate that the wires grow as Li metal and are converted to polycrystalline LiOH during and/or after growth due to exposure to HO and O. This new process is a simple way to create nanostructures, and the findings suggest that metal nanowire growth from alloy seeds is possible in a variety of systems.

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The In-Li (Indium-Lithium) System

Cited by 23 publications

References 16 publications

Effect of Pressure on Lithium Metal Deposition and Stripping against Sulfide-Based Solid Electrolytes

Effect of Pressure on Lithium Metal Deposition and Stripping against Sulfide-Based Solid Electrolytes

Favorable Interfacial Chemomechanics Enables Stable Cycling of High-Li-Content Li–In/Sn Anodes in Sulfide Electrolyte-Based Solid-State Batteries

Seeded Nanowire and Microwire Growth from Lithium Alloys

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