The Important Role of Adiponectin and Orexin-A, Two Key Proteins Improving Healthy Status: Focus on Physical Activity

Polito, Rita; Monda, Vincenzo; Nigro, Ersilia; Messina, Antonietta; Maio, Girolamo Di; Giuliano, Maria Teresa; Orrú, Stefania; Imperlini, Esther; Calcagno, Giuseppe; Mosca, Laura; Mollica, Maria Pina; Trinchese, Giovanna; Scarinci, Alessia; Sessa, Francesco; Salerno, Monica; Marsala, Gabriella; Buono, Pasqualina; Mancini, Annamaria; Monda, Marcellino; Daniele, Aurora; Messina, Giovanni

doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00356

Cited by 32 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…On the other hand, in obesity susceptible C57 mice, high fat diet (HFD) feeding decreased their SPA and NEAT (Moretto et al, 2017 ), indicating that increased SPA and NEAT promotes obesity resistance. Moreover, physical exercise increases plasma orexin A levels, which activates the sympathetic nervous system and energy expenditure (C. M. Kotz et al, 2017 ; Monda et al, 2020 ; Polito et al, 2020 ). Further, exercise increases the activation of orexin neurons (James et al, 2014 ), and dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) oral administration decreases SPA for 8 h and core body temperature (CBT) for 4 h, with the CBT response being independent of SPA.…”

Section: Orexinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orexin, serotonin, and energy balance

Mavanji

Pomonis

Kotz

2021

WIREs Mechanisms of Disease

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The lateral hypothalamus is critical for the control of ingestive behavior and spontaneous physical activity (SPA), as lesion or stimulation of this region alters these behaviors. Evidence points to lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons as modulators of feeding and SPA. These neurons affect a broad range of systems, and project to multiple brain regions such as the dorsal raphe nucleus, which contains serotoninergic neurons (DRN) important to energy homeostasis. Physical activity is comprised of intentional exercise and SPA. These are opposite ends of a continuum of physical activity intensity and structure. Non-goal-oriented behaviors, such as fidgeting, standing, and ambulating, constitute SPA in humans, and reflect a propensity for activity separate from intentional activity, such as highintensity voluntary exercise. In animals, SPA is activity not influenced by rewards such as food or a running wheel. Spontaneous physical activity in humans and animals burns calories and could theoretically be manipulated pharmacologically to expend calories and protect against obesity. The DRN neurons receive orexin inputs, and project heavily onto cortical and subcortical areas involved in movement, feeding and energy expenditure (EE). This review discusses the function of hypothalamic orexin in energy-homeostasis, the interaction with DRN serotonin neurons, and the role of this orexin-serotonin axis in regulating food intake, SPA, and EE. In addition, we discuss possible brain areas involved in orexin-serotonin cross-talk; the role of serotonin receptors, transporters and uptake-inhibitors in the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity; animal models of obesity with impaired serotonin-function; single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the serotonin system and obesity; and future directions in the orexin-serotonin field.

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Section: Orexinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orexin, serotonin, and energy balance

Mavanji

Pomonis

Kotz

2021

WIREs Mechanisms of Disease

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“…Hypocretins 1 and 2 (also known as orexin A and B, respectively, with the abbreviations OXA and OXB) are hypothalamic neurotransmitters involved in various regulatory processes. The precursor of hypocretin formation is prepro-orexin, which generates OXA and OXB through a proteolytic cleavage process [26,27]. Currently, two hypocretin receptors have been identified, the hypocretin 1 receptor (HcrtR1) and the hypocretin 2 receptor (HcrtR2) (i.e., the orexin 1/OX1R receptor and the orexin 2/OX2R receptor); these are G protein (OX1-OX2) coupled receptors [27][28][29].…”

Section: The Orexin Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Vitamin E and the Orexin System in Neuroprotection

et al. 2021

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Microglia are the first line of defense at the level of the central nervous system (CNS). Phenotypic change in microglia can be regulated by various factors, including the orexin system. Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory process mediated by cytokines, by the lack of interaction of specific receptors such as the OX2-OX2R complex, caused by systemic tissue damage or, more often, associated with direct damage to the CNS. Chronic activation of microglia could lead to long-term neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to explore how tocopherol (vitamin E) and the orexin system may play a role in the prevention and treatment of microglia inflammation and, consequently, in neurodegenerative diseases thanks to its antioxidant properties. The results of animal and in vitro studies provide evidence to support the use of tocopherol for a reduction in microglia inflammation as well as a greater activation of the orexinergic system. Although there is much in vivo and in vitro evidence of vitamin E antioxidant and protective abilities, there are still conflicting results for its use as a treatment for neurodegenerative diseases that speculate that vitamin E, under certain conditions or genetic predispositions, can be pro-oxidant and harmful.

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“…Also, the higher Orexin-A serum levels in karate athletes compared non-athletes subjects show the cognitive response induced by physical activity. Indeed as reported by Polito et al, the physical activity has positive effects on health and body weight and also it improves cognitive performance acting on Orexin-A production (Polito et al 2020, Colcombe et al, 2004, 2006Erickson et al, 2011;Lindwall et al, 2008;Mazzeo et al, 2013;Sapienza et al, 2017;Gualniera et al, 2017;Maio et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Evaluation of Orexin-A serum levels in karate athletes cohort

Messina¹,

Messina²,

Monda³

et al. 2020

Journal of Human Sport and Exercise - 2020 - Spring Conferences of Sports Science

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The lateral hypothalamus products various neuropeptides, among of these the Orexin-A (hypocretin-1) is a protein that regulates numerous physiological and behavioural processes involving in energy balance and metabolic status, physical activity, blood glucose levels, and food intake. Many data literature reported that the production of Orexin-A increases following regular and structured physical activity. Indeed, it improves energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity, and also modulate energy expenditure and thermogenesis. The higher Orexin-A tone is an endogenous factor that predicts physical activity, improving BMI and the energy expenditure aspect. It is well known that physical activity has positive effects on health and body weight, it improves cognitive performance increasing Orexin-A levels. Given these evidences, the aim of this study is evaluated Orexin-A serum levels in a cohort of karate athletes. Fort these reasons, were recruited 10 young karate athletes and 10 matched non-athletes as control. We evaluated biochemical and anthropometric parameters, and Orexin-A serum levels through ELISA-test. Our results showed that there is a statistical difference between karate athletes and non-athletes in BMI and in biochemical parameters such as glycaemic and lipid profile. Interestingly, Orexin-A serum levels are statistical higher in karate athletes compared to non-athletes. The differences between athlete and non-athletes in this study could be attributed to a better trainingrelated hypothalamic activity in karate athletes. In addition, these evidences indicate that the physical activity has beneficial effects not only on anthropometric and biochemical parameters but also on orexin-A levels, and then on central nervous system.

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The Important Role of Adiponectin and Orexin-A, Two Key Proteins Improving Healthy Status: Focus on Physical Activity

Cited by 32 publications

References 176 publications

Orexin, serotonin, and energy balance

Orexin, serotonin, and energy balance

Role of Vitamin E and the Orexin System in Neuroprotection

Evaluation of Orexin-A serum levels in karate athletes cohort

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