The Importance of the Scalp in Head Impact Kinematics

Trotta, Antonia; Zouzias, Dimitris; Bruyne, Guido De; Annaidh, Aisling Ní

doi:10.1007/s10439-018-2003-0

Cited by 26 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…Current study limitations include: firstly, the subject-specific material properties have to be validated with additional dynamic experiments which can be reconstructed with FE simulations to refine the parameter selection and allow [48]. They reported that the scalp is an important factor in impact kinematics [49,50]. Finally, the robustness of the statistical analysis in this study is hampered by the limited number of data points available for the frontal and occipital impacts.…”

Section: Study Limitations and Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skull fracture prediction through subject-specific finite element modelling is highly sensitive to model parameters

Kegel

Meynen

Famaey

et al. 2019

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

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Reliable computer models are needed for a better understanding of the physical mechanisms of skull fracture in accidental hits, falls, bicycle-motor vehicle & car accidents and assaults. The performance and biofidelity of these models depend on the correct anatomical representation and material description of these structures. In literature, a strain energy criterion has been proposed to predict skull fractures. However, a broad range of values for this criterion has been reported. This study investigates if the impactor orientation, scalp thickness and material model of the skull could provide us with insight in the influencing factors of this criterion. 18 skull fracture experiments previously performed in our research group were reproduced in finite element simulations. Subject-specific skull geometries were derived from medical images and used to create high-quality finite element meshes. Based on local Hounsfield units, a subject-specific isotropic material model was assigned. The subject-specific models were able to predict fractures who matched visually with the corresponding experimental fracture patterns and provided detailed fracture patterns. The sensitivity study showed that small variations in impactor positioning as well as variations of the local geometry (frontal-Preprint submitted to Elsevier May 18, 2019 temporal-occipital) strongly influenced the skull strain energy. Subject-specific modelling leads to a more accurate prediction of the force-displacement curve. The average error of the peak fracture force for all the 18 cases is 0.4190 for the subject-specific and 0.4538 for the homogeneous material model, for the displacement; 0.3368 versus 0.3844. But it should be carefully interpreted as small variations in the computational model significantly influence the outcome.

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Section: Study Limitations and Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skull fracture prediction through subject-specific finite element modelling is highly sensitive to model parameters

Kegel

Meynen

Famaey

et al. 2019

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

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show abstract

“…Several biomedical applications require knowledge of the mechanical behaviour of the scalp, including skin grafting, skin expansion [7][8][9] and head impact biomechanics [10][11][12][13][14][15]. Indeed, the scalp was previously found to substantially affect head kinematics and impact energy during helmet testing [11,16]. From a mechanical point of view, the scalp is a complex tissue; it exhibits a non-linear stress-strain relationship, anisotropy and its mechanical properties depend on strain rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical characterisation of human and porcine scalp tissue at dynamic strain rates

Trotta

Annaidh

2019

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

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Several biomedical applications require knowledge of the behaviour of the scalp, including skin grafting, skin expansion and head impact biomechanics. Scalp tissue exhibits a non-linear stress-strain relationship, anisotropy and its mechanical properties depend on strain rate. When modelling the behaviour of the scalp, all these factors should be considered in order to perform realistic simulations. Here, tensile tests at strain rates between 0.005-100 s-1 have been conducted on porcine and human scalp in order to investigate the non-linearity, anisotropy, and strain rate dependence of the scalp mechanical properties. The effect of the orientation of the sample with respect to the Skin Tension Lines (STLs) was considered during the test. The results showed that anisotropy is evident in the hyperelastic response at low strain rates (0.005 s-1) but not at higher strain rates (15-100 s-1). The mechanical properties of porcine scalp differ from human scalp. In particular, the elastic modulus and the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) of the porcine scalp were found to be almost twice the values of the human scalp, whereas the stretch at failure was not found to be significantly different. An anisotropic hyperelastic model (Gasser-Ogden-Holzapfel) was used to model the quasi-static behaviour of the tissue, whereas three different isotropic hyperelastic models (Fung, Gent and Ogden) were used to model the behaviour of scalp tissue at higher strain rates. The experimental results outlined here have important implications for those wishing to model the mechanical behaviour of scalp tissue both under quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions.

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“…Medical literature shows a variety of tolerance limits of the skin [3,6,7,[14][15][16][17] and cranial bones [2,10,11,18]. The sometimes high differences in reported fracture thresholds are presumably the consequence of the variability of the used measuring/testing methods and conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Head/skull injury potential of empty 0.5-l beer glass bottles vs. 0.33-l Coke bottles

Nentwig

Steinhoff²,

Adamec

et al. 2021

Int J Legal Med

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The medical and biomechanical assessment of injuries from blows to the head is a common task in forensic medicine. In the context of a criminal justice process, the injury potential of different striking weapons is important. The article at hand compares the injury potential of assaults with a 0.5-l beer bottle and a 0.33-l Coke bottle, both made of glass. The research team hit 30 used empty 0.5-l beer bottles and 20 used empty 0.33-l Coke bottles manually on an aluminum dummy skull set on a force measuring plate, using acrylic and pork rind as a scalp surrogate. There was no significant difference in fracture threshold and energy transfer between the examined beer and Coke bottles. Both glass bottles are able to cause fractures to the facial bones while cranial bone fractures are primarily not to be expected. Blows with a 0.5-l beer bottle or with a 0.33-l Coke bottle to the head can transfer up to 1.255 N and thus are able to cause severe blunt as well as sharp trauma injuries.

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The Importance of the Scalp in Head Impact Kinematics

Cited by 26 publications

References 28 publications

Skull fracture prediction through subject-specific finite element modelling is highly sensitive to model parameters

Skull fracture prediction through subject-specific finite element modelling is highly sensitive to model parameters

Mechanical characterisation of human and porcine scalp tissue at dynamic strain rates

Head/skull injury potential of empty 0.5-l beer glass bottles vs. 0.33-l Coke bottles

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